Vapor Liquid Two Phase Flow and Phase Change

✍ Scribed by Sarit Kumar Das, Dhiman Chatterjee

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 501
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This comprehensive textbook highlights features of two phase flows and introduces the readers to flow patterns and flow maps. It covers a wide range of fundamental and complex subjects focusing on phase change processes like boiling, condensation or cavitation, and boiling phenomenon starting from pool boiling curves to heat transfer under nucleate boiling, film, and flow boiling. It also discusses themes such as numerical techniques for solving boiling and condensation as well as equipment used in industry for evaporation, boiling, and condensation. It includes pedagogical aspects such as end-of-chapter problems and worked examples to augment learning and self-testing. This book is a valuable addition for students, researchers, and practicing engineers.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Authors
Nomenclature
Symbols
Subscripts
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction to Two-Phase Flow—Flow Patterns and Maps
1.1 Definitions Related to Two-Phase Flow
1.2 Two-Phase Flow Patterns and Maps
1.2.1 Adiabatic Flow Regimes and Patterns
1.2.2 Non-adiabatic Flow Regimes and Patterns
1.2.3 Flow Pattern Maps
References
2 Two-Phase Flow—Pressure Drop and Flow Friction
2.1 Momentum Balance in an Inclined Tube and Pressure Drop
2.1.1 Single-Phase Flow
2.1.2 Two-Phase Flow
2.2 Frictional Pressure Drop and Two-Phase Multiplier
2.2.1 Homogeneous Flow
2.2.2 Separated Flow—Lockhart–Martinelli Model
2.2.3 Martinelli–Nelson Method for Diabatic Separated Flow
2.2.4 Barcozy and Chisolm Model
2.3 Drift Flux Model
2.3.1 One-dimensional Drift Flux Model
2.3.2 Application to Bubbly Flow
2.3.3 Two-dimensional Drift Flux Model
References
3 Thermodynamics of Phase Change
3.1 Pure Substance and State Principle
3.2 Properties of Liquid–Vapour System in Thermodynamic Equilibrium
3.3 Gibbs Phase Rule
3.4 Phase Equilibrium and Associated Conditions
3.5 Clausius–Clapeyron Equation
3.6 Thermodynamics of Phase Change of Pure Liquid
References
4 Nucleation and Bubble Dynamics
4.1 Homogeneous Nucleation
4.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation
4.2.1 Trapped Gas Pockets (Harvey's Model)
4.3 Static Stability of an Isolated Bubble
4.4 Dynamics of an Isolated Gas Bubble: Growth and Collapse
4.5 Linearized Bubble Dynamics
References
5 Cavitation
5.1 Emergence of Studies on Cavitation
5.2 Effects of Cavitation
5.3 Acoustic Cavitation
5.3.1 Interaction of a Bubble with an Ultrasonic Field
5.4 Hydrodynamic Cavitation
5.5 Factors Influencing Cavitation Inception
5.5.1 Importance of Nuclei
5.5.2 Viscous Effects
5.6 Effects of Hydrodynamic Cavitation
5.6.1 Cavitation-Induced Noise
5.6.2 Cavitation-Induced Erosion and Surface Damage
5.6.3 Cavitation in Turbomachines
References
6 Types of Boiling—The Pool Boiling Curve
6.1 Evaporation
6.2 Classification of Boiling
6.3 Pool Boiling Curve
6.3.1 Effect of Various Parameters on Pool Boiling
6.3.2 Effect of Liquid Velocity on External Nucleate Boiling
References
7 Heat Transfer Mechanisms and Correlations in Nucleate Pool Boiling
7.1 Nucleate Boiling—Role of Bubble Life Cycle
7.2 Heat Transfer Models in Nucleate Pool Boiling
7.2.1 Vapour–Liquid Exchange Model
7.2.2 Bubble Agitation Model
7.2.3 Microlayer Evaporation Theory
7.2.4 Transient Conduction-Based Models
7.2.5 Composite Models for Heat Transfer
7.2.6 Heat Transfer Mechanism Inclined Surfaces
7.3 Heat Transfer Correlations in Nucleate Boiling
7.3.1 Intuitive Physics-Based Correlations
7.3.2 Observed Parameter-Based Correlation
7.3.3 Empirical Correlations
References
8 Pool Boiling Crisis, Critical Heat Flux and Film Boiling
8.1 Vapour Instability-Based CHF Model
8.1.1 Model for Horizontal Heater
8.1.2 Model for Vertical Surfaces
8.2 Microlayer-Based Thermal Model
8.3 Factors Affecting Critical Heat Flux
8.3.1 Liquid Subcooling
8.3.2 Effect of Pressure
8.3.3 Effect of Surface Condition, Roughness and Wettability
8.3.4 Effect of Flow (Heater Orientation and Flow Velocity)
8.4 Film Boiling
8.4.1 Fully Developed Film Boiling
References
9 Flow Boiling Heat Transfer
9.1 Various Regimes of Flow Boiling
9.2 Subcooled Flow Boiling
9.2.1 Inception of Subcooled Flow Boiling
9.2.2 Subcooled Boiling Heat Flux
9.3 Saturated Flow Boiling
9.4 Convective Flow Boiling
References
10 Flow Boiling Crisis and Post Dryout Heat Transfer
10.1 Critical Heat Flux in Flow Boiling
10.1.1 Two Phenomena in Flow Boiling, DNB' andDryout'
10.1.2 Limits of CHF in Flow Boiling
10.2 Parametric Variation of CHF in Flow Boiling
10.2.1 Correlations for CHF in Flow Boiling
10.2.2 Local Condition and the Location for CHF Initiation
10.3 Post Dryout Heat Transfer or Spray Cooling
References
11 Condensation: Nusselt Theory and External Condensation
11.1 Different Types of Condensation
11.2 Film Condensation
11.2.1 Nusselt's Theory of Condensation
11.2.2 Deviations from Nusselt's Theory
11.2.3 Turbulent Film Condensation
11.2.4 Condensation of Flowing Vapour
References
12 In-Tube and Dropwise Condensation
12.1 Condensation Inside Vertical Tube
12.2 Condensation Inside Horizontal Tube
12.3 Flooding in Reflux Condensation
12.4 Dropwise Condensation
12.4.1 Effects of Various Parameters on Dropwise Condensation
12.4.2 Theories on Dropwise Condensation
12.4.3 Methods to Promote Dropwise Condensation
References
13 Boiling and Condensation of Mixtures
13.1 Boiling and Condensation of Mixtures
13.1.1 Definitions and Equilibrium of Phases
13.1.2 Boiling of Mixtures
13.1.3 Condensation of Binary Mixtures
References
14 Numerical Modelling of Boiling
14.1 Numerical Modelling of Interfacial Flows
14.1.1 Moving Mesh Methods
14.1.2 Front Tracking Methods
14.1.3 Interface Capturing Methods
14.2 Interface Capturing Methods
14.2.1 Volume of Fluid (VOF) Method
14.2.2 A Quadratic Spline-Based Interface (QUASI) Reconstruction Algorithm
14.2.3 Level Set Method
14.2.4 Coupled Level Set and Volume of Fluid (CLSVOF) Method
14.3 Modelling of Interfacial Flows with Surface Tension
14.3.1 Calculation of Thermophysical Properties for the Interface Cells
14.3.2 Modelling of Surface Tension Force
14.4 Modelling of Boiling Flow Problems
14.4.1 Heat and Mass Transfer Across Moving Interface
14.4.2 The VOF Advection Equation
14.4.3 The Level Set Advection Equation
14.4.4 Momentum and Energy Equations
14.5 Numerical Simulation of Film and Nucleate Boiling
14.5.1 Saturated Film Boiling over a Horizontal Flat Surface
14.5.2 Nucleate Boiling
14.6 Concluding Remarks
References
15 Equipment for Boiling, Evaporation and Condensation
15.1 Classification of Vapour Generating Equipment
15.2 Different Types of Vapour Generators
15.2.1 Steam Generator or Boilers
15.2.2 Evaporators
15.2.3 Reboilers
15.3 Analysis and Design of Vapour Generating Equipment
15.3.1 Steam Generator Calculations
15.3.2 Evaporator Design
15.4 Classification of Condensers
15.5 Various Types of Condensers and Their Applications
15.6 Shell and Tube Condensers: Analysis and Design
15.6.1 Effect of Desuperheating and Subcooling
15.6.2 Compact Condensers
15.7 Air cooled Condensers
References
16 Boiling in Mini and Microchannels
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Macro- to-Microscale Transition in Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer
16.1.2 Classification
16.1.3 Difference Between Macro- and Microchannels
16.1.4 Flow Regimes
16.1.5 Flow Regime Maps in Micro-Minichannels
16.1.6 Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Micro-Minichannels
16.1.7 Critical Heat Flux for Mini/Microchannels
16.1.8 Flow Boiling Pressure Drop in Micro/Minichannels
16.2 Concluding Remarks
References
Index