Preface
Contents
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Vanadium-Based Nanomaterials
1.1 Introduction
1.2 General Information on Vanadium
1.3 History of Vanadium-Based Electrode Materials
1.4 Classification of Vanadium-Based Electrode Materials
1.5 Vanadium-Based Nanomaterials
References
Chapter 2: Basic Information of Electrochemical Energy Storage
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Electrochemical Energy Storage Technology
2.2.1 Batteries
2.2.1.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries
2.2.1.2 Sodium-Ion Batteries and Potassium-Ion Batteries
2.2.1.3 Rechargeable Multivalent Batteries
2.2.1.4 Flow Batteries
2.2.2 Supercapacitors
2.2.2.1 Electrical Double Layer Capacitors
2.2.2.2 Pseudocapacitors
References
Chapter 3: Synthesis of Vanadium-Based Nanomaterials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Hydro-/Solvothermal Method
3.2.1 Template-Free Hydro-/Solvothermal Synthesis
3.2.2 Soft Template-Assisted Hydro-/Solvothermal Synthesis
3.2.3 Hard Template-Assisted Hydro-/Solvothermal Synthesis
3.3 Electrospinning Strategy
3.4 Template Synthesis
3.5 Sol-Gel Route
3.6 Vapor Deposition Techniques
3.7 Other Methods
3.8 Summary and Future Directions
References
Chapter 4: In Situ Characterizations of Vanadium-Based Nanomaterials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 In Situ Spectroscopic Characterizations of Vanadium-Based Nanomaterials
4.2.1 In Situ X-Ray Diffraction of Vanadium-Based Nanomaterials
4.2.2 In Situ Raman Spectroscopic Characterization of Vanadium-Based Nanomaterials
4.2.3 In Situ XANES Characterization of Vanadium-Based Nanomaterials
4.3 In Situ Microscopic Characterizations
4.4 Other In Situ Characterization
4.5 Summary and Outlook
References
Chapter 5: Performance Optimization of Vanadium-Based Nanomaterials
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Electric Transport Performance Optimization
5.2.1 Band Structure Optimization
5.2.1.1 Ionic Pre-intercalation
5.2.1.2 Elemental Doping
5.2.1.3 Extra Field Application
5.2.2 Surface/Interface Optimization
5.2.2.1 Compositing with Conductive Material
5.2.2.2 Design of Nanostructure
5.2.3 Ion Diffusion Channel Optimization
5.2.3.1 Metal Ion Pre-intercalation
5.2.3.2 Inorganic Molecule/Nonmetal Ion Pre-intercalation
5.2.3.3 Organic Molecular Pre-intercalation
5.2.4 Electron/Ion Bi-continuous Optimization
5.2.4.1 Coaxial Semi-Hollow Structures
5.2.4.2 Nanostructure Array
5.3 Regulation and Control of Structural Stability
5.3.1 Internal Stress Buffering
5.3.1.1 Hybrid Nanostructures
5.3.1.2 Hierarchical Nanostructures
5.3.2 Volume Expansion Suppression
5.4 Summary and Future Directions
References
Chapter 6: Vanadium Oxide Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Storage
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Orthorhombic V2O5
6.2.1 V2O5 for LIB
6.2.1.1 V2O5 Nanocomposites for Lithium-Ion Batteries
6.2.2 V2O5 for Sodium-Ion Batteries
6.2.3 V2O5 for Other Emerging Rechargeable Batteries
6.3 Bilayered V2O5
6.3.1 Bilayered V2O5 for Lithium-Ion Batteries
6.3.2 Bilayered V2O5 for Sodium-Ion Batteries
6.3.3 Bilayered V2O5 for Other Emerging Rechargeable Batteries
6.4 VO2 (B)
6.4.1 VO2 (B) for Lithium-Ion Batteries
6.4.2 VO2 (B) for Sodium-Ion Batteries
6.4.3 VO2 (B) for Other Emerging Rechargeable Batteries
6.5 V6O13
6.6 V2O3
6.7 V3O7H2O
6.8 Summary and Future Directions
References
Chapter 7: Vanadate Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Storage
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Alkali Metal Vanadates
7.2.1 LiV3O8
7.2.2 Na1 + xV3O8
7.2.3 AxV2O5 (A = Li, Na, K)
7.2.4 LixVO2 and NaxVO2
7.2.5 Li3VO4
7.2.6 Other Alkali Metal Vanadates
7.3 Alkali-Earth Metal Vanadates
7.4 Transition Metal Vanadates
7.4.1 Ag-V-O
7.4.2 Cu-V-O
7.4.3 Co-V-O
7.4.4 Fe-V-O
7.4.5 Zn-V-O
7.4.6 Other Transition Metal Vanadates
7.5 Summary and Future Directions
References
Chapter 8: Vanadium Phosphate Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Storage
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Li3V2(PO4)3
8.3 Na3V2(PO4)3
8.4 Vanadium Fluorophosphates
8.4.1 AVPO4F (A = Li, Na, K)
8.4.2 Na3V2O2x(PO4)2F3 - 2x
8.5 Vanadium Pyrophosphate
8.6 Vanadium-Based Mixed Polyanion Materials
8.7 VOPO4 and AOPO4 (A = Li, Na, K)
8.8 Summary and Future Directions
References
Chapter 9: Oxygen-Free Vanadium-Based Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Storage
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Vanadium Sulfides
9.2.1 Vanadium Disulfide
9.2.2 Vanadium Tetrasulfide
9.3 Vanadium Nitride
9.3.1 Vanadium Nitride for Supercapacitors
9.3.2 Vanadium Nitride for Batteries
9.4 Vanadium Carbide
9.5 Summary and Future Directions
References
Chapter 10: Vanadium-Based Nanomaterials for Micro-Nano and Flexible Energy Storage Device
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Micro-Nano Energy Storage Device
10.2.1 Single Nanowire Energy Storage Device
10.2.2 Planar Micro-Nano Energy Storage Device
10.2.3 Thin-Film Micro-Nano Energy Storage Device
10.3 Flexible Energy Storage Device
10.3.1 Linear Flexible Energy Storage Device
10.3.2 Stacked Flexible Energy Storage Device
10.4 Summary and Future Directions
References
Chapter 11: Conclusions and Outlook
11.1 Characteristic of Vanadium-Based Materials
11.2 Classification of Vanadium-Based Materials
11.3 Synthesis and Characteristic of Vanadium-Based Nanomaterials
11.4 Application of Vanadium-Based Materials
11.5 New Research Approaches
11.6 Outlook
References
Index