โ Scribed by Hilary Putnam
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
Michael Dummett has argued that Logic and Metaphysics are intimately connected. 1 While Dummett's arguments are based upon considerations from the philosophy of language, rather than upon the actual history of logic and metaphysics, I believe that the history of these subjects suggests that Dummett is right. G.E.L. Owen has pointed out / that the notion of a "property" was neither an evident nor a simple one for either Aristotle or Plato. We can say of a man that he is a "white man"; but if we ask whether the man is white in the way that a white wall is white, we shall have to answer "no". What "white" is is not specified, Aristotle thought, until we say what sort of thing we are predicating it of, taking as the standard, or whatever. But what if the term we use to answer this question has the same relativity?
(A modern logic teacher would probably tell his students: "in Logic we assume or pretend -that all terms have somehow been made precise." According to Owen, Aristotle -and even Plato -worried about this pretense. Is it a pretense that we have done something that we or some conceivable cognitive extension of ourselves -could in principle do? Or a pretense that we have done a "we know not what it would be like"? And who is truly more sophisticated: the modern logic teacher, for whom this is no problem, or the founders of the subject?)
Even the schema -(Px. -Px) becomes problematic if this relativity cannot somehow be avoided when we wish to. Aristotle thought (this is the burden of Owen's interpretion) that this relativity does not arise when P is a substance term: something is not at the same time (fully) a man and not (fully) a man; nor is something -fully -a man in a respect; the being of substances is not relative in Aristotle's metaphysics. So substance terms man, rabbit -can be used to pin down the respects in which predicates which do display relativity of signification are predicated in given contexts. (So, I suppose, can genus terms: "Tall for a Greek"; but I imagine that Aristotle would reply that genera are dependent on substances.) Thus (if
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