Seventy-three documented cases of uterine sarcoma were treated at the University of Rochester Strong Memorial Hospital from 1955 to 1975. Thirtythree patients (45%) were treated with surgery only [S], 31 (43%) with surgery and radiation [S + R], and 9 (12%) with radiation alone [R]. A review of the literature with over 900 cases was also performed. Several important issues regarding these rare tumors are addressed, such as the prognosis of the several histologic variants, the role of radiation therapy in their management and what perhaps may constitute a comprehensive therapeutic approach. These tumors are characterized by local aggressiveness and early widespread dissemination. There are three main histologic varieties: mixed mesodermal sarcoma (MMS), leiomyosarcoma (LMS) and endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS).
Of the three, MMS was the most common, seen in 60% of the cases; LMS occurred in younger patients and tended to be localized to the uterine corpus (Stage I) in 80% of the instances. Tumor extent at diagnosis was the main prognosticator for survival in uterine sarcomas; patients with Stage I tumors had a significantly lower incidence of recurrences, as well as a better survival than patients with more advanced tumors. Stage-by-stage, there were no significant differences in survival among the pathologic variants. To ensure adequate staging, a surgical procedure is recommended first whenever possible. Adjuvant radiation therapy significantly improved disease controlability in the pelvis, although it may not have dramatically affected the final outcome. In addition to pelvic irradiation, some form of systemic therapy should be administered to decrease distant metastases.