Urban Transportation and Air Pollution

✍ Scribed by Akula Venkatram, Nico Schulte

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2018
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 182
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Urban Transportation and Air Pollution synthesizes state-of-the-art methods on estimating near-road concentrations of roadway emissions. The book provides the information needed to make estimates using methods based on a minimal set of model inputs that can be applied by a wide range of users in many situations. Discussions include methods to estimate traffic emission under numerous urban driving conditions, the uncertainty of emission models, and the effects of road configurations, such as near-road solid barriers. Final sections present dispersion models that link traffic emissions with near road concentrations in urban environments.

Addressing transportation-related environmental issues is extremely important as urban areas are constantly searching for ways to mitigate impacts from transportation sources. This book helps to explain dispersion models, a critical tool for estimating the impact of roadway emissions in cities.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Urban Transportation and Air Pollution
Copyright
Preface
References
One Introduction
Scope of the Book
Models Treated in this Book
Modeling Emissions for Transport Applications
Organization of this Book
References
Two Fundamental Concepts
Expressing Concentrations
The Composition of Air
Hydrostatic Equilibrium
The Potential Temperature
Atmospheric Stability
The Origin of Large-Scale Winds
The Pressure Gradient Force
The Coriolis Force
The Geostrophic Wind
High- and Low-Pressure Centers
Effects of Friction
Fronts
Three Fundamentals of Micrometeorology and Dispersion
Introduction
Surface Energy Balance—Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Turbulence in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Convective Velocity Scale
Friction Velocity
Monin–Obukhov Length
Surface Layer Similarity
The Daytime Boundary Layer
Height of the Convective Boundary Layer
The Nighttime Boundary Layer
Turbulent Velocities in the Stable Boundary Layer
Dispersion Modeling—Ground-Level Source
The Point Source in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Dispersion in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Plume Spread Formulation Used in Current Models
The Unstable Surface Boundary Layer
The Stable Surface Boundary Layer
Horizontal Spread in the Surface Boundary Layer
Concluding Remarks
References
Further Reading
Four The Impact of Highways on Urban Air Quality
Introduction
Line Source Dispersion Model
Modeling a Highway
Comparison of Highway Models with Observations
Models for the Impacts of Barriers
Effects of Solid Barriers
Model for Downwind Barrier
Model for Upwind Barrier
Dispersion from Depressed Roadways
Model for Depressed Roads
Effects of Vegetation Barriers
Model for a Solid-Vegetation Barrier
Summary
References
Further Reading
Five The Impact of Buildings on Urban Air Quality
Introduction
Primary Effects of Buildings on Dispersion of Traffic Emissions
The Impact of Buildings on Mean Winds and Turbulence Within the Urban Canopy
Vortex Flow and Street Canyons
Challenges for Practical Application of Models of Building Effects on Dispersion
Primary Variables Governing Dispersion in Cities
Models for the Effects of Buildings
Operational Street Pollution Model
Vertical Dispersion Model
Comparison of Model with Observations
Description of the Los Angeles Field Measurements
Evaluation of the VDM with Data Collected in Los Angeles and Riverside
Summary
References
Further Reading
Six Modeling Dispersion at City Scale
Introduction
Dispersion Models for Near-Road Air Quality
Integrating Dispersion Models into a Modeling System
Meteorological Inputs-Internal Boundary Layer Model
References
Appendix A Dispersion From an Elevated Point Source
Modeling a Point Source
Horizontal Plume Spread of Elevated Releases
Vertical Plume Spread Formulations
Plume Spreads Induced by Source Effects and Plume Rise
Plume Rise
Plume Rise Equations
Building Downwash
Terrain Treatment
The Weighting Factor, f
References
Index
Back Cover