Urban Inclusivity in Southern Africa

✍ Scribed by Hangwelani H. Magidimisha-Chipungu; Lovemore Chipungu

• Publisher: Springer Nature
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 449
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book’s point of departure rests on the premises that dimensions of the mainstream inclusive city discourse fail to capture in detail vulnerable clusters of society (being women, children, and the aging), the minority clusters (i.e., the blind, the disabled), and migrants. In addition, it fails to recognize the increase of spatial inequality driven by racial and class differences—a factor that has seen an increase in community violence and protests. The focus on spatial inequality has, for a long time, blind-folded urban authorities to ignore exclusion arising out of the same environments created with a notion of creating inclusivity. Hence this book “collapses spatial walls” as it seeks to uncover the true perspectives of inclusivity in cities beyond spatial dimensions but within social realms. The depth of this book’s enquiry rests on its critical investigation of Southern African cities’ through historical epochs of apartheid and colonialism in the region.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I Laying the Foundation for Inclusive Cities
1 Laying the Foundation for Inclusive Cities—An Introduction
References
2 Southern African Cities at a Glance—An Introduction
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Current Urban Affairs in Southern Africa
2.3 The Metamorphoses of Urban Development and Governance in Southern Africa
2.4 Urban Inclusivity Policies Across the Region
2.5 Rethinking Urbanisation and Inclusivity in Southern Africa
2.6 Conclusion
References
3 The Enduring Relationship Between Civil Engineering and Spatial Injustice
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Inclusivity as Equitable Access to Public Infrastructure
3.3 A Pathology of Disparities in Access to Infrastructure
3.4 The Domain of Civil Engineering
3.4.1 Disparities Caused by the Informalisation of Formal Neighbourhoods
3.4.2 Inaccurate Design Assumptions
3.4.3 The Deliberate Provision of Inferior Infrastructure in Low-Income Neighbourhoods
3.4.4 The Role of Civil Engineering Science in Realising Inclusive Cities
3.5 Traditional Engineering Approaches that Entrench Exclusion of Marginalised Residents
3.5.1 Planning for Sustainability
3.5.2 Cost-Benefit Analysis
3.6 Conclusion
References
4 Interrogating Conceptual Dimensions of Inclusive Cities
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Defining an Inclusive City
4.3 Dimensions of Inclusive Cities
4.3.1 Economic Inclusion
4.3.2 Spatial Inclusion
4.3.3 Social Inclusion
4.4 ‘Tailor Made City Inclusivity’
4.5 The Illusion of Inclusion
4.6 An Integrated Approach to Inclusive Cities
4.7 Inclusion Through Participation
4.8 The Role of Governments in Making Cities Inclusive
4.9 Conclusion
References
Part II Interrogating Inclusivity of Cities in Selected Countries
5 Living Beyond the Dream of Inclusivity. The Race and Class Domain: Inclusivity in Selected European Cities
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Zurich, Switzerland
5.2.1 Demographics
5.2.2 Intercultural City
5.2.3 Inclusive Education
5.2.4 Inclusive Housing and/or Neighbourhoods
5.2.5 Access to Opportunities and Public Service
5.2.6 Business and Employment
5.2.7 Diverse Culture, Languages and Civil Life
5.2.8 Access to Public Space
5.2.9 Tolerance to Newcomers and Anti-discrimination
5.2.10 Conclusion
5.3 Oslo, Norway
5.3.1 Demographics
5.3.2 Oslo, a City for All
5.3.3 Inclusive Initiative—OXLO—Oslo Extra Large
5.3.4 Inclusive Education Policy
5.3.5 Inclusive Neighbourhood Policies
5.3.6 Public Service Policies
5.3.7 Business and Employment Market Policies
5.3.8 Diverse Culture, Language and Civil Life
5.3.9 Access to Public Space
5.3.10 Tolerance to New Comers
5.3.11 Conclusions
5.4 Copenhagen, Denmark
5.4.1 Demographics
5.4.2 An Integrated City is a Better City—Copenhagen
5.4.3 Education Policies
5.4.4 Neighbourhood Policies
5.4.5 Public Service
5.4.6 Business Opportunities and Labour Market Policies
5.4.7 Diverse Cultural, Language and Civil Life
5.4.8 Public Space Policies
5.4.9 Tolerance to Newcomers
5.4.10 Conclusions
References
6 Continuities and Discontinuities in Urban Population Policies in Post-colonial Southern African Cities: Towards a Sustainable and Inclusive Framework
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Conceptual Framework
6.3 Literature Review
6.4 Research Methodology
6.5 Results
6.5.1 Zimbabwe
6.5.2 Namibia
6.5.3 Tanzania
6.5.4 Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
6.6 Discussion
6.7 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations
References
7 Urbanisation, Inclusive Cities and the Plight of the People with Disability
7.1 Background
7.2 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Inclusivity and the Right to the City
7.3 Inclusivity and Disability
7.4 Inclusivity and Universal Design
7.5 Inclusive Cities and the Corona Pandemic
7.6 Disability and Inclusion in Zimbabwe
7.7 Research Methodology
7.8 Findings and Discussions
7.8.1 Disability, the Law and the UNCRDP
7.8.2 Disability, Women and the Youth
7.8.3 Disability and Economic Inclusion in the City
7.9 Key Recommendations
7.10 Conclusion
References
Part III Recounting Challenges of Inclusivity in South African Cities
8 Excluding the Poor in Urban Developments
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Research Methodology
8.3 Pushing the Urban Poor to the Fringes of the Urban Socio-Economic Fabric
8.4 Data Presentation and Discussion
8.4.1 Housing the Urban Poor
8.4.2 Urban Poor and (Un)Employment
8.4.3 Poor Basic Service Delivery
8.5 Emerging Inequality Through Digital Divide
8.6 Recommendations
8.7 Conclusion
References
9 Diversifying Inclusivity Through the Night Economy: An Observation from the Terraces of Durban and Cape Town
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Conceptualizing the Evolution of 24-h Cities
9.2.1 A Theoretical Perspective of Cities
9.2.2 The Evolution of the 24-h City Concept
9.2.3 Methodology
9.2.4 An Overview of South African Cities
9.2.5 De-mystifying the Night Economy
9.2.6 The Night Economy and Housing
9.2.7 Unveiling the Dark Side of the Night Economy
9.3 Concluding Remarks
References
10 Post-Apartheid Cities in South Africa: A Mirage of Inclusivity
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Contextualising Urban Exclusion
10.3 Conceptual Framework
10.4 Data Collection and Analysis
10.4.1 Presentation of Research Results
10.4.2 Discussion of Research Results
10.5 Recommendations
10.5.1 Accessing Economic Opportunities
10.5.2 Restructuring the Urban Space Economy
10.5.3 Enhancing Urban Governance
10.6 Conclusion
References
11 Defining the Layers of Urban Complexity: An Epistemological Shift Towards Inclusive Cities
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Fundamental Problem
11.3 A Critique of Methods of Urban Analysis and Conceptualisation: Objectivist Planning Versus Responsive Frameworks
11.4 An Alternative, Layered Methodology of Urban Analysis
11.5 Case Study: A Critical Comparative Analysis of the Point Waterfront District with the Central Colonial District and the Grey Street District of Durban
11.6 Towards an Inclusive Urban Design Methodology
11.7 Conclusion
References
12 Adaptive Reuse Strategies in Durban Inner City Using Hybrid Mapping Tools
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Urban Resilience
12.3 Insurgency and Lost Spaces Within the City
12.4 Adaptive Reuse Towards Sustainable Urban Environments
12.5 Methodological Approach
12.5.1 Mapping Lost Spaces Using Hybrid Tools
12.5.2 Three Case Studies in Durban
12.6 Mapping the Adaptive Reuse Potential
12.7 Design Strategies
12.8 Findings
12.9 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
13 Housing Policy and the Post-apartheid City: A Tale of Urban Exclusion Through Housing Delivery
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Inclusion in What Sense?
13.3 A History of Urban Exclusion
13.4 Housing Policy and the Poor’s Inclusion in the City
13.5 The Housing Subsidy Scheme and Location
13.6 Housing Ownership, Wealth Creation and Inclusion
13.7 Conclusion
References
14 Reflecting on the Inclusivity of Culture in Urban Housing Development—A Case Study of Communal Residential Units in Durban
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Conceptualizing the Link Between Housing and Culture
14.3 Research Methodology
14.4 An Overview of South African Housing Policy
14.4.1 Communal Residential Units
14.4.2 Data Analysis
14.4.3 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
15 Human Settlement Policies and Women’s Access to the City: Implications for Inclusive Cities
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Apartheid Policies on Access to the City
15.3 Methodology
15.4 Conceptualising Access to the City
15.5 Findings
15.5.1 Government Interventions and Women’s Inclusion in the City in Post-apartheid South Africa
15.6 Discussion
15.7 Conclusion
References
16 The Neglect of People with Disabilities in Integrated Development Planning in Ngangelizwe Township, Mthatha
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Social Justice and Conceptions of Disability
16.3 Methodology
16.4 The Situation in Ngangelizwe Township
16.4.1 The Context of the Municipality
16.4.2 Planning for People with Disabilities in the 2016/2017 Integrated Development Plan and the 2015/2016 Annual Report
16.4.3 Findings from the Observations
16.4.4 The Respondents’ Views
16.5 (Non) Inclusion of People with Disabilities
16.6 Conclusion
References
17 Access and Constraints to Commuting for Persons with Disabilities in Gauteng Province, South Africa
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Research Methods and Materials
17.2.1 Theoretical Analytical Lenses
17.2.2 Method
17.2.3 Databases and Research Method Analytic Technique
17.2.4 Rationale for Case Study Selection
17.2.5 Data Analysis and Interpretation of Findings
17.2.6 Limitations
17.3 Literature Review
17.3.1 Transport Disability as a Social Construct
17.3.2 Mobility-as-a-Service (Maas) Paradigm
17.3.3 Inclusive Cities Paradigm and the Persons with Disabilities Dividend
17.3.4 Rights-Based Approach, Transport Mobility and PWDs Discourses
17.3.5 Shifts and Drifts in PWDs Models and Implications for the Transport Sector
17.3.6 Access and Constraints to Commuting Paradigms
17.4 Study Results and Findings
17.4.1 Exploring Access and Constraints to Commuting for Persons with Disabilities in Gauteng Province, South Africa
17.4.2 Transport and Persons with Disability in South Africa
17.4.3 Main Reasons for not Travelling in the Seven Days Prior to the Interview by District Municipality
17.4.4 Gender and Sex of Study Respondents
17.4.5 Main Modes of Transport Used in Gauteng Province
17.5 Evaluating the Public Transport Systems Responsiveness to Persons with Disabilities Requirements
17.5.1 Main Problems with Public Transport Modes in Gauteng Province
17.6 Factors Accounting for Access and Constraints to Commuting for Persons with Disability in Gauteng Province
17.7 Discussions and Recommendations
17.7.1 (Re)solving Access and Constraints to Commuting for PWDs—Options and Suggestions
17.7.2 Bridging Theory, Policy and Practice: Towards an Access and Constraints to Commuting Turn
17.8 Conclusions
Appendix
References
18 Situating Citizens’ Participation in Inclusive Infrastructure Development
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Participation and Social Inclusion Linkage
18.3 Methods and Materials
18.4 Dimensions of Inclusive Infrastructure in Southern Africa
18.4.1 Poverty and Inequality
18.4.2 Economic Integration
18.4.3 Employment and Empowerment
18.4.4 Good Governance
18.4.5 Access and Vulnerability
18.4.6 South African Experience
18.5 Roles of Citizen Participation in Enhancing City Inclusion
18.6 Lessons for Countries in Southern Africa
18.7 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
19 The Language of Struggle and Radical Activism as an Inclusive City Tool Among the Neglected Urban Poor of South Africa
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Theorising City Infrastructure Inclusion Struggle Through Radical and Social Movement Theories
19.3 Urban Struggle for Inclusion Using Case Studies
19.3.1 Housing Protest in Cape Town, South Africa
19.3.2 Housing Social Movements in Harare, Zimbabwe
19.4 Methods and Materials
19.5 The Language of Service and Infrastructure Struggle
19.6 Community Struggle and Agitation
19.7 The Politicisation of Community Struggle
19.8 Protest and Its Outcome
19.9 Urban Poor and Service Protests Process
19.9.1 Protest Planning, Advise and Warning
19.9.2 The Legality of Protest Process: Policing, Protest Crime Record, Case Review, Negotiation and Engagement
19.9.3 The Institutional and Political Dimension to the Protest Process
19.10 Policy Implications of City Struggle for Urban Inclusion
19.11 Conclusion
References
20 Closing Remarks on Inclusive Cities