Urban Climate Adaptation and Mitigation

✍ Scribed by Sharifi, Khavarian

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 378
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Uniquely focused on the contributions smart cities can make to climate change resilience, Urban Climate Adaptation and Mitigation offers evidence-based scientific solutions for improving cities’ abilities to prepare for, recover from, and adapt to global climate-related events. Beginning with the observation of global environmental change, this book explores what sustainable smart projects are, how they are adopted and evaluated, and how they can address climate change challenges. It brings together a wide variety of disciplines such as planning, transportation, and waste management to address issues related to climate change adaptation and mitigation in cities.In general, many social science researchers lack cohesive, broad-based literature knowledge; Urban Climate Adaptation and Mitigation bridges this gap and informs different types of stakeholders on how they can enhance their preparation abilities to enable real-time responses and actions. Therefore, it is a valuable reference for researchers, professors, graduate students, city planners, and policy makers.

Application-focused throughout, this book explores the complexities of urban systems and subsystems to support researchers, planners, and decision makers in their efforts toward developing more climate-resilient smart cities.

• Provides a structured in-depth analysis of smart city cases from around the world
• Introduces evidence-based toolkits and frameworks for assessing actual and/or potential contributions of smart city solutions to climate resilience
• Includes state-of-the-art literature review and glossary

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover
Urban Climate Adaptation and Mitigation
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1: Urbanization in the context of global environmental change
1.1. Global environmental change
1.2. The environmental footprint of cities: A historical perspective
1.3. The urban planet and its implications for resource use and environmental quality
1.3.1. Impacts of formal and informal urbanization on the environment: Notions of density and urban sprawl toward a bette ...
1.3.2. Urban informality in the Global South
1.4. Challenges of urbanization in the Anthropocene
1.5. Global policy frameworks: An instrument for mainstreaming sustainable urbanism (challenges)
1.5.1. The 2030 agenda for sustainable urbanism
1.5.2. The New Urban Agenda as accelerator of SDG number 11 ``Sustainable cities and communities´´
1.6. The need for disruptive solutions
1.7. Summary
References
Chapter 2: Climate change adaptation and mitigation in cities
2.1. Climate change and climate change scenarios
2.1.1. A surge in average temperature of air and ocean
2.1.2. Temperature surge in the air and oceans
2.1.3. A rise in the average global sea level and widespread melting of glacier
2.1.4. Increase in frequency of extreme weather
2.1.5. Climate change scenarios
2.2. Climate change and cities
2.2.1. Challenges of climate change: Evidence from Bangladesh
2.3. Resilience and climate change adaptation/mitigation
2.3.1. Regional responses to climate change: A review of the evidence
2.4. Climate change adaptation in cities
2.5. Climate change mitigation in cities
2.6. Summary
References
Chapter 3: Smart cities: Key definitions and new directions
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Key definitions of the smart city concept
3.3. The genealogy of the concept
3.3.1. Technology oriented city
3.3.2. Digital city
3.3.3. Smart city
3.3.4. Post-COVID smart city
3.4. The underlying principles of smart city concept
3.5. Smart cities and climate resilience
3.6. Summary
References
Chapter 4: Smart city solutions and climate change adaptation: An overview
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Materials and methods
4.3. Results and discussions
4.3.1. General overview
4.3.2. Integrated urban planning and policy making for climate change adaptation
4.3.3. Transportation systems
4.3.4. Building systems
4.3.5. Urban waste management
4.3.6. Water
4.3.7. Energy
4.3.8. Urban infrastructure
4.3.9. Economy
4.3.10. Urban governance
4.4. Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Smart city solutions and climate change mitigation: An overview
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Materials and methods
5.3. Results and discussions
5.3.1. General overview
5.3.2. Integrated urban planning and policy making for climate change adaptation
5.3.3. Transportation systems
5.3.4. Building systems
5.3.5. Urban waste management
5.3.6. Water
5.3.7. Energy
5.3.8. Urban infrastructure
5.3.9. Economy
5.3.10. Urban governance
5.4. Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: The fundamentals of smart city assessment
6.1. The origin of the smart city assessment
6.1.1. What is smart city?
6.1.2. Origin of smart city concept
6.1.3. Digital city
6.1.4. Virtual city
6.1.5. Ubiquitous city
6.1.6. Intelligent city
6.1.7. Creative city
6.1.8. Knowledge city
6.1.9. Wired city
6.1.10. Information city
6.1.11. Relationship between smart city, knowledge city, U-city, and virtual city
6.2. Different approaches to smart city assessment
6.2.1. Overview of tools
Smart ranking system, University of Vienna
Smart 21 communities
Global power city index (GPCI)
The smarter city ranking
The world's smartest cities
IBM smarter city index
The McKinsey global institute rankings
The smart city maturity model
The smart city reference model
European smart cities ranking (ESCR) model
The Smart City index master indicators framework
The Ericsson networked society city (ENSC) index
The cities of opportunity index
Conclusion
6.3. Underlying principles of smart city assessment
6.3.1. Importance of smart city ranking
6.3.2. Dimensions of smart city ranking/benchmarking
6.3.3. Reference models
6.3.4. Sustainability, dependability, and reliability
6.3.5. Quality assurance for ICT technology
6.3.6. Open urban platforms, smart cities, and ICT reference architecture models
6.3.7. Quality assurance perspective on smart cities
6.4. Smart city assessment and climate-resilient planning
6.4.1. Defining climate resilience
6.4.2. Climate resilience and climate adaptation
6.4.3. Links between climate resilience, climate change, adaptability, and vulnerability
6.4.4. Resilience framework performance on vulnerability
6.4.5. Vulnerability
6.4.6. Emergence of climate resilience
6.4.7. Urban resilience
6.4.8. Human resilience
6.4.9. Climate resilience in practice
6.5. Final remarks
References
Chapter 7: Assessment tools and indicators for smart city assessment
7.1. Introduction: An overview of the existing assessment tools
7.2. Different approaches toward smart city assessment
7.2.1. Benchmarking
7.2.2. Baseline assessment
7.2.3. Maturity assessment tools
7.2.4. Assessment against peers
7.2.5. Assessment against target values
7.2.6. Scenario making
7.3. Various dimensions of smart cities
7.3.1. Economy
7.3.2. People
7.3.3. Smart governance
7.3.4. Smart living
7.3.5. Smart mobility
7.3.6. Smart data
7.4. Criteria and indicators for smart city assessment
7.5. Inclusion of climate resilience criteria and indicators in smart city assessment tools
7.5.1. Mitigation
7.5.2. Adaptation
7.5.3. Transformation toward smart and climate resilient cities
7.6. Summary
Appendix
References
Chapter 8: The extent of inclusion of smart city indicators in existing urban sustainability assessment tools
8.1. Assessment tools as decision-support systems
8.2. Sustainability assessment
8.2.1. Integration and comprehensiveness
8.2.2. Contextuality
8.2.3. Measurability or quantifiability
8.2.4. Participatory capacity
8.3. City sustainability assessment tools
8.3.1. IUSIL
8.3.2. LEED for cities and communities
8.3.3. CASBEE for cities
8.3.4. CEDEUS
8.4. Neighborhood sustainability assessment tools
8.4.1. LEED ND
8.4.2. BREEAM communities
8.4.3. GSC
8.5. The extent of inclusion of smartness indicators in sustainability assessment tools
8.5.1. Economy
8.5.2. People
8.5.3. Governance and institutions
8.5.4. Environment
8.5.5. Living
8.5.6. Mobility
8.6. Integration of indicators related to climate resilience into the assessment tools
8.7. Summary
References
Chapter 9: Indicators to assess contributions of smart city solutions and technologies to urban resilience
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Materials and methods
9.3. Results: The indicators
9.3.1. Indicators related to economy
9.3.2. Indicators related to people
9.3.3. Indicators related to governance
9.3.4. Indicators related to environment
9.3.5. Indicators related to living
9.3.6. Indicators related to mobility
9.3.7. Indicators related to data
9.4. Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Contributions of smart technologies to disaster resilience
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Contributions of smart cities to resilience
10.2.1. General contributions under disruptive events
10.2.2. Geographical information systems (GIS), remote sensing, and global positioning system
10.2.3. Radio-frequency identification (RFID)
10.2.4. Early warning systems
10.2.5. Building management systems
10.2.6. Safety and security
10.2.7. Could computing
10.2.8. Big Data analytics
10.2.9. Web 3.0
10.2.10. Artificial intelligence
10.2.11. Use of smart devices to create ad hoc networks
10.2.12. Transportation
10.3. Discussions and conclusions
References
Chapter 11: A typology analysis of smart city projects around the world
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Trends in the development of smart city projects
11.3. Methodology
11.4. Results
11.4.1. Transport-related smart city projects
11.4.2. Governance-related smart city projects
11.4.3. Smart city projects related to water and energy systems
11.5. Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Urban scale climate change adaptation through smart technologies
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Overview of the current trends of modern technology applied in the urban environment to address climate change
12.3. The implication of frontier technologies to combat climate change
12.3.1. Artificial Intelligence
Background
Role of AI in mitigating climate change
Monitoring urban infrastructures
Enhancing energy efficiency in cities
Recognizing behavioral patterns of cities and dwellers
Optimizing urban management
Risk of using AI in mitigation of climate change in cities
12.3.2. IoT
Background
Role of IoT in climate mitigation and/or adaptation
IoT role in smart cities
IoT role in environment protection
Risk and challenges ahead of IoT
12.3.3. 5G
Background
Role of 5G in climate mitigation and/or adaptation
Reducing GHG emissions
Water management
5G risks for climate mitigation and adaptation
12.3.4. Digital Twin
Background
Role of Digital Twin in urban climate change mitigation and adaptation
Role of Digital Twin in smart cities
Role of Digital Twin in environment protection
Risk and challenges ahead of Digital Twin
12.3.5. Other technologies (space 2.0, robotic, blockchain)
Space 2.0
Robotics
Blockchain
12.4. Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Automated object extraction of satellite imagery to estimate the loss of vegetative land cover and inform cli ...
13.1. Introduction
13.1.1. Urbanization and growth in historic districts
13.1.2. Mapping and quantifying land cover change
13.2. Methodology
13.2.1. Automation tools
13.2.2. Geography and prominence of the Dignowity Hill district
13.2.3. Data and proposed workflow
13.2.4. Data preprocessing and conversions
13.2.5. Features extraction using eCognition 9.2
Segmentation
Classification
Mapped classes of land cover change
13.2.6. Accuracy assessment
13.3. Results and discussion
13.3.1. Baseline year's land cover analysis (2010)
13.3.2. Change in land cover from baseline year (2010) to target year (2015)
13.4. Conclusions and implications of adaptation policy
Appendix: Notes on the methodology caveats
References
Chapter 14: Smart transformation in Iran, a step toward adaptation and reduction of climate change
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Smart city and smart transformation
14.3. Climate change and environmental problems in Iran
14.3.1. The Most important effects and consequences of climate change on global security and human rights
Creating war and conflict
Threat of water and food resources
Impact on the spread of poverty
Impact on internal and external migration
Impact on geographical and political borders
Threat to human health and the spread of infectious and dangerous diseases
14.3.2. Reasons for the inefficiency of climate change management in Iran
Weaknesses in compliance with the principles governing air protection
Failure to adopt a cross-sectoral approach
Poor performance guarantee
Need to regulate and control
Weak infrastructure and moving toward smart transformation
14.4. Moving toward smart transformation in Iran and the status of smart transformation
14.4.1. Smart transformation in Iran
14.4.2. Custodian of Iran's smart cities
14.5. Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Technological solutions for adaptation with Iran's water resources crisis
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Iran's climate change and water resource issues
15.3. Research methodology
15.4. Technological solutions
15.4.1. Water extraction from air humidity and rainwater
15.4.2. Intelligent volumetric water meters combined with water consumption management systems
15.4.3. Remote sensing systems to manage groundwater and measure soil subsidence
15.4.4. Hydroponic greenhouse cultivation
15.4.5. Flood warning technologies and intelligent systems
15.4.6. Seawater desalination technologies
15.5. Summary
References
Chapter 16: The way forward for data-driven and climate-resilient cities
16.1. Contributions of smart solutions and technologies to climate change adaptation and mitigation
16.2. Integrated approaches for maximizing mitigation-adaptation co-benefits and minimizing trade-offs
16.3. Policy and planning considerations for mainstreaming data-driven smart cities
References
Index
Back Cover