Upconversion Nanoparticles (UCNPs) for Functional Applications

✍ Scribed by Vijay Kumar; Irfan Ayoub; Hendrik C. Swart; Rakesh Sehgal

• Publisher: Springer Nature
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 495
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book explores upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) at both, the fundamental as well as applied levels, for functional applications. It provides a broad perspective about the synthesis approaches of UCNPs with the preferred size, improved and tunable upconversion luminescence, along with the combined multifunctionality for various applications. It highlights the fundamentals and systematic developments in the tuning of UC emission and surface engineering of UCNPs that make UCNPs convenient for use in a large range of applications. Moreover, it gives an understanding of the imposed limitations and challenges associated with these methods to achieve the desired performance in targeted applications. It also includes the latest multifunctional lanthanide-based UCNPs, which efficiently convert low-energy photons into high-energy photons, and their applications in fluorescent microscopy, deep-tissue bioimaging, nanomedicine, optogenetics, solid-state lighting, solar cells, security labeling, and volumetric display.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Mechanisms of Luminescence in Upconversion Nanoparticles
1 Introduction
2 Transition Metal Upconversion Mechanisms
3 Lanthanide Upconversion Mechanisms
4 Upconversion Mechanisms in Organic Nanoparticles
5 Upconversion of Semiconductor Quantum Dots (UCQD)
6 Conclusion
References
Engineering of Upconversion Nanoparticles for Better Efficiency
1 Introduction
1.1 Limitations in the Efficiency of UCNPs
2 Ways to Improve the Efficiency of UCNPs
2.1 Shell Addition
2.2 Concentration of Dopants
2.3 Crystal Matrix
2.4 Thermal Enhancement
2.5 Dielectric Structures
2.6 Modification of UCNPs Properties by Other Photoactive Species
3 Strategies to Improve RET Efficiency
3.1 Improving the Donor Quantum Yield
3.2 Reducing the Acceptor–Donor Distance
3.3 Spectral Overlap
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Phenomenology of Emission Color Tunability in Upconversion Nanoparticles
1 Introduction
2 Upconversion Processes
3 Role of the Host—Generation of Colors Through UC
4 Change in Concentration and Co/Tri-doping Leading to UC Color Change
4.1 Influence of Size/Shape of NPs on UC
4.2 UC Color Tunability by Power Density
4.3 Core–Shell Structure-Based UC Color Tunability
4.4 Pulse Modulation
4.5 Dual Wavelength Excitation
4.6 Local Structure Manipulation and Changing Surrounding Environments Like Temperature and Pressure
4.7 Other Factors
5 Conclusions
References
Design of Interfacial Energy Transfer Model in Upconversion Nanoparticles
1 Introduction
2 Energy Flux in Core–shell Nanoparticles
2.1 Construct Interface in Nanomaterials
2.2 IET-Mediated Upconversion
2.3 Optimization of Energy Transfer Pathways
3 Mechanistic Understanding of Upconversion by IET
3.1 Control of Energy Transfer on the Nanoscale
3.2 Probe Energy Migration at Sublattice
3.3 Deep Insight Into Gd3+-Mediated Interfacial Interactions
4 Frontier Applications
4.1 Information Security and Anti-Counterfeiting
4.2 Upconversion Laser
4.3 Single-Particle Imaging and Sensing
4.4 Biotherapy
4.5 Lifetime Imaging
5 Conclusions
References
Upconversion Phenomenon and Its Implications in Core–Shell Architecture
1 Introduction
2 Different Strategies for Tuning the Upconversion Phenomenon in Core–Shell Architecture
2.1 Homogeneous Active Core-Inert Shell UCNP
2.2 Heterogeneous Active Core-Inert Shell UCNP
2.3 Active Core-Active Shell Structure
2.4 Suppression of Cross-Relaxation
2.5 Nanoscopic Control of Energy Transfer
3 Multicolor Modulation of Emissions/Tuning of Upconversion Colors
3.1 Functional Multiplicity of Core–Shell Particles
3.2 Emission Lifetime Modulation
3.3 Organic Dyes as the Shell Layer
4 Biomedical Applications of Core@shell UCNPs
4.1 Bioimaging
4.2 Drug Delivery
4.3 Photodynamic Therapy
4.4 Miscellaneous Applications of Core–shell UCNPs
5 Conclusions
References
Nanocomposites Based on Upconversion Nanoparticles
1 Introduction
2 Growing Applications of UCNPs-Based Nanocomposites
2.1 UCNP-Assisted Photopolymerization
3 Applications of Upconversion Nanoparticles
3.1 Biomedical
3.2 Security Anti-counterfeiting Technology
3.3 Photovoltaic (PV) and Photocatalysis
3.4 Pollutant Degradation
3.5 Anti-bacterial Activity
3.6 Hydrogen Production
4 Conclusions
References
Lanthanide-Activated Upconversion Luminescent Nanomaterials
1 Introduction
2 Energy Transfer Processes of Lanthanide-Activated Upconverters
2.1 Excited State Absorption
2.2 Energy Transfer Upconversion
2.3 Energy Migration-Mediated Upconversion
2.4 Photon Avalanche
3 Screening of Dopants and Host Matrix
3.1 Activators
3.2 Sensitizer
3.3 Host Matrix
4 Upconversion Saturation and Upconversion Quantum Yield
5 Enhancing Strategies of Lanthanide-Activated Upconversion Luminescence
5.1 Crystal Lattice and Energy Transfer Modulation
5.2 Core–Shell Structure Construction
5.3 Surface-Plasmonic Enhancement
5.4 Broadband Sensitization Strategy
5.5 Photonic Crystals Engineering and Lensing Effect
6 Conclusions
References
Photocatalysis, Anti-counterfeiting and Optical Thermometry Applications of Upconversion Nanoparticles
1 Introduction
2 Applications of UCNPs
2.1 UCNPs for Photocatalysis
2.2 UCNPs for Security Applications
2.3 Optical Thermometry
3 Conclusions
References
White Light Emitting Upconversion Nanomaterials
1 Introduction
2 Upconversion from Different Colour Centres for White Light
2.1 Upconversion from Unique Emission Centre
2.2 Dopant-Based Upconversion for White Light
2.3 Power Dependence on White Light Generation in Upconversion
2.4 Temperature-Dependent Upconversion for White Light
2.5 Power Dependence on White Light Generation in Upconversion and Display Applications
2.6 Upconversion Based Near White Light Emission and Intrinsic Optical Bistability
3 Devices Based on Upconverison White Light Nanoparticles
3.1 Upconversion White-Light-Emitting Nanoplatform for -Mediated Photodynamic Therapy and Bioimaging
3.2 Heterostructured or Multiple Layer Structured Upconversion Nanoparticles for White Light
4 Challenges of Generating White Light in Upconversion Nanoparticles
5 Conclusions
References
Upconversion Luminescence Sensitized pH-Nanoprobes
1 Introduction
2 Definition and Basics of pH
3 Various Types of Optical pH Sensing Schemes
3.1 Luminescence-Based pH Sensing
4 Types of Functionalized UCNPs for Optical Sensing Applications
4.1 Core@shell and Heavily Doped UCNPs
4.2 Hybrid UCNPs
5 Significant Works on UCNPs-Based pH Sensing
5.1 PH Sensing Based on Functionalized UCNPs
5.2 Upconversion-Based pH Sensing Membranes
6 Future Scope of Upconversion-Based pH Sensors
7 Conclusion
References
Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Upconversion Nanoparticles
1 Introduction
2 White-Light Emission LED Based on Upconversion Nanoparticles
3 Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) Based on Upconversion Nanoparticles
3.1 Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) for Highly Efficient OLEDs
3.2 Triplet–Triplet-Annihilation (TTA) for Highly Efficient OLEDs
4 Photochemical Upconversion Light Emitting Diode (LED)
4.1 Photochemical Upconversion
4.2 Upconversion Efficiency
4.3 Triplet Exciton Decay
4.4 Annihilation Rate
4.5 Cavity Performance
4.6 Steady-State Thermal Performance
4.7 Computational Methods and Results
5 Conclusions
References
Application of Upconversion Nanoparticles in Photochemistry
1 Introduction
2 UCNPs Design
2.1 Hosts
2.2 Dopants
2.3 Architecture
3 Application of UCNPs in Photo-Chemistry
3.1 Photopolymerization Processes
3.2 Biology and Biomedicine
3.3 Security Signatures
3.4 Photovoltaic and Photocatalysis
3.5 Optical Thermometry
4 Conclusions
References
Applications of Upconversion Nanoparticles for Solar Cells
1 Importance of Up-Conversion (UC) Materials
2 Advantages of Nanocrystalline UC Materials
3 UC Mechanisms
4 Classification of UC Materials
4.1 Host Material
4.2 Upconversion in Lanthanide Ions
5 Integration of UC Layers in Solar Cells
6 Fabrication of Various Solar Cells Using UC Materials
6.1 Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) PV Cells
6.2 Crystalline Silicon (c-Si) PV Cells
6.3 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC)
6.4 Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Solar Cells
6.5 Organic Solar Cells (OSCs)
6.6 Molecular Upconversion (MUC)
6.7 UC-Assisted Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs)
7 Conclusions
References
Biosensing Based on Upconversion Nanoparticles
1 Upconversion Properties on Rare Earths Ions
1.1 Advantages of Upconversion (UC) Nanoparticles in Biosensing
2 Use of RE3+ Ions in UC System
3 FRET-Based Detection System
4 NaYF4 Doped with Different Rare-Earths
5 NaGdF4 Doped with Different Rare Earths
6 Challenge and Perspectives
7 Conclusions
References
Applications of Upconversion Nanoparticles in Bio-Imaging
1 Introduction
2 Chemistry of Upconversion NPs
3 Upconversion Luminescence and Its Mechanism
4 Host, Sensitizer, Activator, and Optimization
5 Applications
6 In Vitro and In vivo approach of UCNPs
6.1 Bioimaging
6.2 Cellular Imaging
6.3 Multimodal Imaging
7 Conclusion
References
Upconversion Luminescent Nanoheaters
1 Introduction
2 Lanthanide-Based Inorganic Upconversion Luminescent Nanoheaters
2.1 Oxides
2.2 Fluorides
2.3 Mixed Oxides
3 Hybrid Luminescent Nanoheaters
3.1 Inorganic-Inorganic Hybrid Luminescent Nanoheaters
3.2 Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Luminescent Nanoheaters
4 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Upconversion Luminescence Materials for Latent Fingerprint Detection Applications in Forensic Science
1 Introduction
1.1 Importance of Latent Fingerprint Detection
1.2 Development of Nano-sized Luminescence Markers
2 Scheme for the Development of LFP Using UC Phosphor
3 Recent Development in UC Nanophosphors for the Application in Latent-Finger Print Detection
4 NIR-to-NIR Upconversion Luminescence
5 Dual Imaging Mode Luminescence Phosphors
6 Conclusions
References