Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Why Survey Methodology Needs Sociology and Why Sociology Needs Survey Methodology
Conclusion
References
Part I: Sociological Theory and Survey Methodology
Chapter 2: Towards Survey Response Rate Theories That No Longer Pass Each Other Like Strangers in the Night
What Is a Theory?
Factors that Influence Survey Response Rates
Connections Among Influence Factors in Survey Designs
Review of Existing Response Rate Theories
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior Theory
Adult-to-Adult Communication Theory
Gamification Theory
Influence Theory
Pre-suasion Theory
Leverage Saliency Theory
Benefit-Cost Theory
Social-Exchange Theory
Ships That Pass Silently in the Night
Where Do We Go from Here?
A Clear Definition of Theoretical Purpose Is Needed
Theories Must Take into Account Potential Influences Not Considered in Past Theories
Explicit Connections Need to Be Made Between Known Influences on Response Rates and General Theories of Response
Theories Need to Be Multi-disciplinary
Testing Comprehensive Designs
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Advancing Theories of Socially Desirable Responding: How Identity Processes Influence Answers to `Sensitive Questi...
Theories of Socially Desirable Responding
Self-Deception
Symbolic Interactionism and Identity Theory
Applying Identity Theory in Survey Methodology
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Culture and Response Behavior: An Overview of Cultural Mechanisms Explaining Survey Error
Introduction
Dimensions of Culture
Hofstedeยดs Cultural Orientations
Schwartzยดs Universal Values
Inglehartยดs National Values
Overlap of the Selected Cultural Frameworks
Total Survey Error Framework
Culture and Survey Error
Measurement Error
Extreme Responding
Acquiescence
Socially Desirable Responding
Item Nonresponse
Nonresponse Error
Unit Nonresponse
Discussion
References
Chapter 5: Translating Lessons from Status Characteristics and Expectation States Theory to Survey Methods
Status Characteristics and Expectation States Theory
Status Characteristics and Performance Expectations
Observable Power and Prestige
Theoretical Implications of Status Characteristics and Expectation States Theory for Survey Methodologists
Initial Conditions
Scope Conditions
Scope Condition 1: No Prior History of Interaction
Scope Condition 2: Attentiveness and Task-Orientation
Scope Condition 3: If There Is a Manipulation, Participants Notice It
Scope Condition 4: Ceteris Paribus
General Scope Conditions for Survey Methodologists
Willingness to Honestly Answer Questions and Social Desirability
Ability to Answer Questions Honestly
Capacity to Answer Questions
Interpretation of Survey Instrument and Research Questions
Overview
Methodological Implications of Status Characteristics and Expectation States Theory for Survey Methodologists
Survey Methodologyยดs Implications for Status Characteristics and Expectation States Researchers
Examination of Status Beliefs and Initial Conditions
Scope Conditions, Manipulation, and Attention Checks
Discussion and Conclusion
References
Part II: Applications
Chapter 6: Stigma and the Meaning of Social Desirability: Concealed Islamophobia in the Netherlands
Social Desirability Bias: Norms, Stigma and the Selective Expression of Educated Preferences
Context: Muslim Immigration and Opposition to Immigration in The Netherlands
The Anti-Immigrant Sentiment and the Role of Education
Hypotheses
Method: An Intuitive Introduction to the List Experiment
Method: A Formal Introduction to the List Experiment
Data
Direct and List Responses
Education
Results
Overt and Covert Intolerance
Masking and Social Desirability Bias
Conclusion
Discussion
Appendix 1: Multivariate Analysis
Control Variables: Income, Occupation and Sex
Appendix 2: Limitations of the List Experiment
References
Chapter 7: Is Not Knowing the Same as Being Incorrect? An Examination ofDonยดt Knowยด Responses to Questions about Immigrant P...
Introduction
Part I: The Extent and Variability of DK Responses
Part II: Characterizing DK Respondents
Variables
Results: Characterizing DK Respondents Relative to Estimators
Analysis: Characterizing DK Respondents Relative to Over- and Underestimators
Part III: Consequences for DK Responses?
Outcome Variable: Restrictionist Immigration Policy Preferences
Results: Examining the Consequences of DK Response
Part IV: What Happens When Researchers Delete or Replace DK Respondents?
Discussion and Conclusion
Varying DK Response Levels
Profile of the DK Respondent
DK Respondents Express the Most Restrictionist Attitudes
Common Missing Value Fixes Ignore the Important Category of DK Respondents
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Power, Culture and Item Nonresponse in Social Surveys
Introduction
Item Nonresponse in Social Surveys
Item Nonresponse and Marginalized Populations
Item Nonresponse and Social Power
Item Nonresponse and Culture
Data and Methods
Data Sets
Variables
Dependent Variable: Count of Item Nonresponse
Independent Variable
Minority Status
Respondent Level Characteristics
Country Level Characteristics
Analysis
Results
Null Model
Respondent and Country Level Random Intercept Model
Individual Level Variables
Country Level Variables
Discussion
Future Research
Appendix
References
Chapter 9: The Measurement of Sexual Attraction and Gender Expression: Cognitive Interviews with Queer Women
Introduction
Background
Survey Measurement of Sexual Orientation
Survey Measurement of Gender
Cognitive Interviewing and Grounded Theory
Methods
Data
Analytic Strategy
Results
Gender Expression: Appearance, Style, and Dress
Gender Expression-Mannerisms (Walk, Talk, and Gesture)
Sexual Attraction
Discussion
References
Chapter 10: How Do Interviewers and Respondents Navigate Sexual Identity Questions in a CATI Survey?
Background
Question Sensitivity
Construction of the SIQ
Measuring Problems with Sensitivity and Question Construction of the SIQ
Data and Methods
Sample
Behavior Codes
Inter-Coder Reliability
Respondent and Interviewer Characteristics
Analysis Methods
Results
Indicators of Question Sensitivity
Indicators of Question Construction
Indicators of Question Sensitivity or Construction
Associations Between Respondent and Interviewer Characteristics and Problems with the SIQ
Discussion
References
Chapter 11: Male/Female Is Not Enough: Adding Measures of Masculinity and Femininity to General Population Surveys
Introduction
Background
Methods
Measures
Independent Variables
Dependent Variables for Predictive Validity Models
Control Variables
Analyses
Findings
Item Nonresponse
Reliability
Predictive Validity
Discussion and Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Correlates of Differences in Interactional Patterns among Black and White Respondents
Introduction
Participation in Medical Research: A Legacy of Mistrust among African Americans
Standardized Interviewing and Interviewer-Respondent Interaction
Racial/Ethnic Variation in Survey Response Processing
Current Study
Methods
Sample
Questionnaire and Items
Systematic Transcriptions and Interaction Coding
Measures
Analytic Strategy
Results
Discussion
Appendix A: Exact Question Wordings by Topic
Appendix B: Sample Description
References
Chapter 13: Theories of Public Opinion Change Versus Stability and their Implications for Null Findings
The Study of Opinion Change and the Problem of Null Findings
Theorizing Opinion Stability: Finding Meaning in the Null
The Case: Media Coverage of Police-Civilian Interactions during an Era of Protest
Design of the Present Study
Hypotheses
Data
Dependent Variables
Data Quality Check
Results
Opinion Stability: The Police as Symbols of Social Order
Implications for Survey Research
References
Chapter 14: Conclusions and Future Directions for Understanding Survey Methodology
Item and Unit Nonresponse
Measurement and Social Desirability
Interaction and Measurement
Conclusion
References
Index