Copyright......Page 4
PREFACE......Page 17
ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 22
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 23
part I. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS IN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION......Page 27
chapter 1. Why Study Intercultural Communication?......Page 29
Adjusting to Global Workplace Heterogeneity......Page 31
Adapting to Domestic Workforce Diversity......Page 33
Engaging in Creative Multicultural Problem Solving......Page 34
Comprehending the Role of Technology in Global Communication......Page 35
Facilitating Better Multicultural Health Care Communication......Page 36
Enhancing Intercultural Relationship Satisfaction......Page 37
Fostering Global and Intrapersonal Peace......Page 39
Deepening Self-Awareness and Other-Awareness......Page 40
Culture: A Learned Meaning System......Page 41
Surface-Level Culture: Popular Culture......Page 42
Intermediate-Level Culture: Symbols, Meanings, and Norms......Page 44
Deep-Level Culture: Traditions, Beliefs, and Values......Page 45
Stamping Your Intercultural Passport......Page 47
chapter 2. What Is Intercultural Communication Flexibility?......Page 48
Intercultural Communication Process: Overall Characteristics......Page 50
Intercultural Communication: Meaning Characteristics......Page 53
Three Content Components: Knowledge, Attitude, and Skills......Page 54
Three Criteria: Appropriateness, Effectiveness, and Adaptability......Page 55
A Staircase Model......Page 56
An Essential Hook: A Mindful Perspective......Page 58
Process Consciousness: Underlying Principles......Page 59
Intercultural Reality Check: Do-Ables......Page 63
chapter 3. What Are the Essential Cultural Value Patterns?......Page 64
Identity Meaning Function......Page 66
Explanatory Function......Page 67
Ingroup–Outgroup Evaluative Function......Page 68
Discovering Cultural Values......Page 69
Identity: Individualism–Collectivism Value Pattern......Page 70
Power: Small–Large Power Distance Value Pattern......Page 74
Uncertainty: Weak–Strong Uncertainty Avoidance Value Pattern......Page 76
Sex Roles: Feminine–Masculine Value Pattern......Page 77
Value Orientations: Background Information......Page 78
Meaning: Activity Value Orientation......Page 79
Destiny: People–Nature Value Orientation......Page 80
Time: Temporal Value Orientation......Page 82
Individual Socialization Development......Page 83
Independent versus Interdependent Self-Construal......Page 84
Internal versus External Locus of Control......Page 85
Intercultural Reality Check: Do-Ables......Page 88
chapter 4. What Are the Keys to Understanding Cultural and Ethnic Identities?......Page 90
Families Come in Different Shapes......Page 92
Gender Socialization and Interaction Patterns......Page 95
The Process of Acculturation and Enculturation......Page 96
Systems-Level Factors......Page 97
Individual-Level Factors......Page 100
Interpersonal Face-to-Face and Network-Level Factors......Page 101
Group Affiliation and Identity Formation......Page 102
Cultural Identity Conceptualization......Page 103
Ethnic Identity Conceptualization......Page 105
Ethnic–Racial Identity Change Process......Page 107
Cultural–Ethnic Identity Typological Model......Page 108
Racial–Ethnic Identity Development Model......Page 109
Multiracial and Biracial Identity......Page 110
Intercultural Reality Check: Do-Ables......Page 112
part II. CROSSING CULTURAL AND COMMUNICATION BOUNDARIES ADAPTIVELY......Page 115
chapter 5. What Is Culture Shock?......Page 117
Characteristics of Culture Shock......Page 119
Approaching Culture Shock: Underlying Factors......Page 121
Intercultural Adjustment: Developmental Patterns......Page 124
The U-Curve Adjustment Model......Page 126
The Revised W-Shape Adjustment Model......Page 127
Reentry Culture Shock......Page 132
Reentry Culture Shock: Surprising Elements......Page 133
Resocialization: Different Returnees’ Profiles......Page 134
Intercultural Reality Check: Do-Ables......Page 135
chapter 6. What Is the Connection Between Verbal Communication and Culture?......Page 136
Distinctive Language Features......Page 138
Multiple Rule Patterns......Page 141
The Cultural Worldview Function......Page 144
The Everyday Social Reality Function......Page 145
The Cognitive Shaping Function......Page 146
The Group Membership Identity Function......Page 147
The Social Change Function......Page 148
Defining Low-Context and High-Context Interaction Patterns......Page 149
Direct and Indirect Verbal Styles......Page 151
Self-Enhancement and Self-Humbling Verbal Styles......Page 152
Beliefs Expressed in Talk and Silence......Page 153
Intercultural Reality Check: Do-Ables......Page 154
chapter 7. What Are the Different Ways to Communicate Nonverbally Across Cultures?......Page 156
The Impact of Nonverbal Communication......Page 158
Making Sense of Nonverbal Communication......Page 159
Verbal and Nonverbal Comparisons......Page 160
Physical Appearance......Page 161
Paralanguage......Page 163
Facial Expressions......Page 164
Gestures......Page 167
Haptics......Page 170
Boundary Regulations......Page 171
Environmental Boundaries......Page 172
Psychological Boundaries......Page 173
Regulating Time......Page 174
Intercultural Reality Check: Do-Ables......Page 178
part III. MANAGING CHALLENGES IN INTERCULTURAL RELATIONSHIPS FLEXIBLY......Page 181
chapter 8. What Causes Us to Hold Biases Against Outgroups?......Page 183
Selective Attention......Page 185
Selective Interpretation......Page 186
Ethnocentrism and Communication......Page 187
Stereotypes and Communication......Page 191
Stereotypes: We Are What We Watch......Page 193
Us versus Them......Page 194
Group Membership Struggles......Page 195
Intergroup Attribution Biases......Page 196
Prejudice: Multiple Explanations and Functions......Page 197
Prejudiced Remarks or Innocent Jokes?......Page 198
Four Discriminatory Practices......Page 199
Different Types of Racism......Page 201
Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination......Page 203
Intercultural Reality Check: Do-Ables......Page 204
chapter 9. How Can We Manage Intercultural Conflict Flexibly?......Page 205
Culture-Based Conflict Lenses......Page 207
Intercultural Workplace Conflict Grid......Page 208
Intercultural Conflict Goal Issues......Page 213
Perceived Scarce Resources......Page 215
Defining Conflict Styles......Page 216
Cross-Cultural Conflict Styles......Page 221
Cross-Ethnic Conflict Styles and Facework......Page 222
Facework Management......Page 224
Mindful Listening......Page 225
Mindful Reframing......Page 227
Intercultural Reality Check: Do-Ables......Page 228
chapter 10. What Are the Challenges in Developing an Intercultural-Intimate Relationship?......Page 230
Cultural–Ethnic Membership Values......Page 232
Love Expectations and Expressions......Page 233
Autonomy–Connection Issues......Page 234
Communication Decoding Issues......Page 236
Perceived Physical Attractiveness......Page 237
Perceived Similarity......Page 238
Cross-Cultural Self-Disclosure Comparisons......Page 239
Third-Party Matchmakers: Online and Mobile Dating......Page 242
Intercultural–Interracial Romantic Relationship Development......Page 244
The Encounter: Prejudice and Racism......Page 246
Countering Racism and Prejudice: Coping Strategies......Page 248
Relational Transgressions and Terminations......Page 249
Bicultural Identity Struggles......Page 250
Cultivating a Secure, Multifaceted Identity......Page 251
Intercultural Reality Check: Do-Ables......Page 252
chapter 11. What Are the Communication Issues Facing a Global Identity?......Page 254
The Internet as Our Central Station......Page 256
Wired Communication......Page 257
The Transformation of Local and Global Identities......Page 258
The Lens of Television: Identity Imitation......Page 259
Global Television Impact......Page 261
Outsourced Beats: You Are What You Can Dance To......Page 262
You Are What You Wear: Pop Culture as Fashion......Page 263
Who and What Are e.netizens?......Page 264
Characteristics of an e.netizen Identity......Page 266
The Dialectical Pulls of an e.netizen......Page 267
Spatial Zone Dialectics......Page 268
Temporal Dialectics......Page 269
Gadget Communication Patterns: Fast and Furious......Page 270
Language Styles: Text, Tweet, Talk......Page 271
Communicating to Be Social Change Agents......Page 272
Personal Identities in Flux: The Global Face......Page 273
Intercultural Reality Check: Do-Ables......Page 274
chapter 12. How Can We Become Ethical Intercultural Communicators?......Page 276
Global Standard Procedure and Local Justice Issues......Page 278
Corporate Responsibility and Local Customary Practice......Page 280
Multiple Ethical Positions: Assessing Pros and Cons......Page 281
Ethical Absolutism Position......Page 282
Ethical Universalism Position......Page 283
Meta-Ethics Contextualism Position......Page 284
Becoming Ethical Intercultural Communicators: Questions to Consider......Page 285
Becoming Flexible: Final Passport Do-Ables......Page 287
In Conclusion.........Page 291
REFERENCES......Page 293
GLOSSARY......Page 323
AUTHOR INDEX......Page 337
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 343