Understanding Communications Networks

✍ Scribed by Kaveh Pahlavan

• Publisher: River Publishers
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 662
• Series: River Publishers Series in Electronic Materials and Devices
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

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✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover
Understanding Communications Networks – for Emerging Cybernetics Applications
Dedication
Contents
Preface
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Abbreviations
1 Overview of Communications Networks
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Elements of Communications Networks
1.2.1 Classifications of Communications Networks
1.2.2 Examples of Corporate Networks
1.3 Evolution of Communications Networks – A Historical Perspective
1.3.1 Evolution of the Core Networks
1.3.2 Evolution of Local and Personal Area Networks
1.3.3 Evolution of Wireless Cellular Networks
1.4 Standards, Regulations, and Technologies
1.4.1 Intelligent Radio with Spectrum Management
1.4.2 Standards Organization for Communications Networks
1.4.3 Communications Networking Technologies
1.5 Structure of the Book
2 Overview of Core Networks
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Element of Core Networking
2.2.1 Principle of Packet Forwarding
2.2.2 Transmission Standards for Core Networks
2.2.3 Quality of Service (QoS)
2.3 User Addressing in Core Networks
2.3.1 Addressing End Users in PSTN
2.3.2 Addressing End Users on the Internet
2.4 Evolution of Circuit Switches for PSTN
2.4.1 ISDN for Integrated Circuit-Switched Data
2.4.2 Packet Switching Over Virtual Circuits
2.4.3 ATM for Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
2.5 Evolution of Internet Interconnecting Element
2.5.1 Bridges and LAN Switches
2.5.2 Routers Protocols
2.5.3 Routing Algorithms
2.6 All-IP and Next Generation Core Networks
2.6.1 The Multi-Protocol Label Switching
2.6.2 3GPP and Next Generation Core Networks
3 Characteristics of the Medium
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fundamentals of Digital Communications
3.2.1 Digital Communications – A Historical Perspective
3.2.2 Data Rate, Medium Bandwidth, and RSSI
3.2.3 Thermal Noise and Intersymbol Interference
3.2.4 Shannon
Hartley Bounds for Information Theory
3.2.5 Medium Characteristics: Wired vs. Wireless
3.3 Characteristics of the Guided Medium
3.3.1 Twisted Pair
3.3.2 Coaxial Cables
3.3.3 Optical Fiber
3.4 Characteristics of Path Loss for Wireless Media
3.4.1 Friis Equation for Free Space Propagation
3.4.2 Path-Loss Modeling in Multipath
3.4.3 Empirical Measurement of Path-Loss Parameters
3.5 Path-Loss Model Examples in Standards
3.5.1 NIST Model for RSSI Inside the Human Body
3.5.2 IEEE 802.11 Model for Indoor Area
3.5.3 Okumura
Hata Model for Urban Areas
3.6 Modeling of RSSI Fluctuations and Doppler Spectrum
3.6.1 Friis’ Equation and Geometric Ray Tracing
3.6.2 Modeling of Small-Scale Fading
3.6.3 Modeling of Doppler Spectrum
3.7 Wideband Modeling of Multipath Characteristics
3.7.1 Channel Impulse Response and Bandwidth
3.7.2 Multipath Spread, ISI, and Bandwidth
3.7.3 Wideband Channel Models in Standardization Organizations
3.7.4 Simulation of Channel Behavior
3.7.5 Channel State Information and MIMO Channels
3.8 APPENDIX A3: What is dB?
4 Physical Layer Communications
4.1 Information Transmission
4.2 Fundamentals of Transmission and Signal Constellation
4.2.1 Line Coding and Binary Baseband Transmission
4.2.2 Multi-Level Transmission and Signal Constellation
4.2.3 Transmission Parameters and Signal Constellation
4.2.4 Multi-Dimensional Signal Constellations
4.2.5 Effects of Coding on Data Rate
4.3 Performance Analysis Using Signal Constellation
4.3.1 Plots of Error Rate Versus Signal-to-Noise Ratio
4.3.2 Shannon
Hartley Bounds on Achievable Data Rate
4.4 Performance in Multipath RF Channels
4.4.1 Effects of Fading on Performance Over Wireless Channels
4.4.2 Diversity Techniques to Remedy Fading
4.5 Wireless Modems Technologies
4.5.1 Spread Spectrum Transmissions
4.5.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
4.5.3 Space Time Coding
4.5.4 Capacity MIMO Antenna Systems
5 Medium Access Control
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Assigned Access to PSTN
5.2.1 1G Frequency Division Multiple Access
5.2.2 2G Time Division Multiple Access
5.2.3 3G Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
5.2.4 Comparison of CDMA, TDMA, and FDMA
5.2.5 Traffic Engineering Using the Erlang Equations
5.3 Random Access to the Internet
5.3.1 Reservation ALOHA and OFDMA in 4G and 5G
5.3.2 CSMA in Ethernet and Wi-Fi
5.3.3 MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks and IoT
5.4 Performance of Random-Access Methods
5.4.1 Performance of CSMA/CD in Ethernet
5.4.2 Performance of CSMA/CA and RTS/CLS in Wi-Fi
6 IEEE 802.3 – The Ethernet
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Legacy Ethernet
6.2.1 The Packet Format and the PHY Layer
6.2.2 CSMA/CD for the MAC Layer
6.2.3 Early Enhancements to Legacy Ethernet
6.3 Evolution of the PHY
6.3.1 Fast Ethernet at 100 Mbps
6.3.2 Gigabit Ethernet
6.3.3 10 Gigabit Ethernet and Beyond
6.4 Ethernet II Packets and Applications
6.4.1 Implementation of VLAN
6.4.2 Full-Duplex Operation and Pause Frame
6.4.3 Implementation of Link Aggregation
7 IEEE 802.11 – The
Wi-Fi
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Importance of Wi-Fi in Our Daily Life
7.2 Evolution of Wi-Fi
7.2.1 Evolution of Wi-Fi Technology and Standards
7.2.2 Evolution of Wi-Fi Applications and Market
7.2.3 Overview of IEEE 802.11 Standard Protocols
7.3 Topology and Architecture of IEEE 802.11
7.3.1 Extending the Coverage in Infrastructure Topology
7.3.2 Network Operations in an Infrastructure Topology
7.3.3 Network Operations in an Ad Hoc Topology
7.3.4 Network Operations in Mesh Topology
7.4 The IEEE 802.11 MAC Layer
7.4.1 Distributed Coordination Function and CSMA/CA
7.4.2 RTS/CTS for Hidden Terminals
7.4.3 The Point Coordination Function
7.4.4 MAC Frame Formats
7.5 The IEEE 802.11 PHY Layer
7.5.1 PHY in the Legacy IEEE 802.11
7.5.2 IEEE 802.11b and CCK Coding
7.5.3 The IEEE 802.11a, g and OFDM
7.5.4 The IEEE 802.11n, ac and MIMO
7.5.5 IEEE 802.11ad and mmWave Technology
7.5.6 IEEE 802.11 for WSN and IoT
7.6 Security Issues and Implementation in IEEE 802.11
7.6.1 Entity Authentication with WEP
7.6.2 Confidentiality and Integrity with WEP
7.6.3 Key Distribution in WEP
7.6.4 Security Features in 802.11
8 IEEE 802.15 for WSN and IoT
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Wireless Technologies, Data Rate, and Power
8.1.2 Spread Spectrum for WSN and IoT
8.2 IEEE 802.15.1 and the Legacy Bluetooth
8.2.1 Overall Architecture
8.2.2 Protocol Stack
8.2.3 Physical Layer
8.2.4 MAC Mechanism
8.2.5 Frame Formats
8.2.6 Connection Management
8.2.7 Security
8.3 IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee
8.3.1 Overall Architecture
8.3.2 Protocol Stack and Operation
8.3.3 Physical Layer
8.3.4 MAC Layer
8.3.5 Frame Format
8.4 IEEE 802.15.1 BLE and iBeacon
8.4.1 Evolution of the Bluetooth PHY to BLE
8.4.2 BLE Technical Features
8.5 Other IEEE 802.15 Standards for WSN and IoT
8.5.1 IEEE 802.15.4 for Low-Energy Wide Area Networking
8.5.2 IEEE 802.15.3/4, UWB, and mmWave Technologies
8.5.3 IEEE 802.15.6 WBAN
8.5.4 IEEE 802.15.7 and Optical Wireless
9 CellularWireless 2G–6G Technologies
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks
9.1.2 The Cellular Concept
9.1.3 Cellular Hierarchy
9.2 Connection-Based 2G Cellular Network Infrastructure
9.2.1 Mobile Station
9.2.2 Base Station Subsystem
9.2.3 Network and Switching Subsystem
9.3 Connection-Based 2G Cellular Network Operation
9.3.1 Registration
9.3.2 Call Establishment
9.3.3 Handoff
9.3.4 Security
9.4 2G Connection-Based TDMA Cellular
9.4.1 Protocol Stack of a 2G Cellular Network
9.4.2 Wireless Communications in 2G TDMA
9.5 3G CDMA and Internet Access
9.5.1 Evolutional of Infrastructure
9.5.2 Wireless Communications in 3G CDMA
9.6 4G LTE and OFDM/MIMO for Asymmetric Data
9.6.1 Elements of LTE Architecture
9.6.2 Protocol Stack for Data Flow in the 4G LTE
9.6.3 Wireless Communications in 4G LTE
9.7 5G and mmWave Technology
9.8 6G and Future Directions
10 Deployment of Communications Networks
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Interference in Wireless Networks
10.2.1 Interference Range
10.2.2 Concept of Cellular Wireless
10.2.3 Cell Fundamentals and Frequency Reuse
10.3 Cellular Deployment for Assigned Access
10.3.1 Frequency Reuse Calculation for 1G/2G Cellular
10.3.2 Expansion Methods for 1G and 2G
10.3.3 Architectural Methods for Capacity Expansion
10.3.4 Network Planning for 3G CDMA
10.4 Cellular Deployment for Random Access
10.4.1 Deployment of 4G LTE Networks
10.4.2 5G/6G Deployment, beamforming, and SDMA
10.4.3 Femtocells
10.5 Deployment of Wi-Fi Infrastructure
10.5.1 Cellular Deployment of Corporate Wi-Fi
10.5.2 Throughput Analysis for Wi-Fi Deployment in SOHO
11 RF Cloud and Cyberspace Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Big Data in the RF Cloud
11.2.1 Data Contents of Floating Packets
11.2.2 Data Contents in Features of RF Propagation
11.3 Opportunistic Cyberspace Applications of RF Cloud
11.3.1 Wireless Positioning with RF Cloud Data
11.3.2 Motion, Activity, and Gesture Detection with RF Cloud
11.4 Assignments
References
Index
About the Author
Back Cover