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The technique considered here uses longitudinal waves propagating normal to the plane of stress. Through use of a new method for treating the measurements, the entire residual stress state can he determined. In this case, the speed of propagation through an initially isotropic material is proportional to the sum of the principal stresses. The constant of proportionality is usually determined by performing a uniaxial tension test in which the velocity change from the initial unstressed condition is determined at various stress levels. The slope of the stress-velocity curve is the acoustoelastic constant. The maximum change in velocity for metals is generally less than one percent at yield.
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