Front Cover
Transportation Engineering: Theory, Practice and Modeling
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
About the authors
Foreword to the first edition
Foreword to the second edition
Preface to the first edition
Preface to the second edition
Chapter 1: Introduction
References
Chapter 2: Transportation Systems
2.1. Background
2.2. History of Transportation
2.3. Transportation Sector and Transportation Modes
2.3.1. Components of Transportation Modes
2.3.2. Structure of Transportation Modes
2.3.3. Technologies of Transport Modes
2.3.3.1. Support
2.3.3.2. Guidance
2.3.3.3. Propulsion
Propulsion units
Methods of transferring tractive force
2.3.4. Relationships Between Transport Modes
2.4. Characteristics of Transport Modes and Their Systems
2.4.1. Introduction
2.4.2. Urban and Sub/Urban Road and Rail-Based Transit Systems for Passengers
2.4.2.1. Background
2.4.2.2. Bus system
2.4.2.3. Streetcar (tramway) system
2.4.2.4. LRT system
2.4.2.5. Subway (metro) systems
2.4.3. Urban and Sub/Urban Transport Systems for Freight Shipments
2.4.4. Interurban Road Transport Systems
2.4.4.1. Freight shipments
2.4.5. Interurban Rail Transport Systems
2.4.5.1. Introduction
2.4.5.2. Passengers
Infrastructure
Rolling stock and operating speed
Levitation and propulsion
Control systems
Weight and energy consumption
Commercial use
2.4.5.3. Freight shipments
2.4.6. Inland Waterways and Sea Shipping Systems for Cargo Shipments
2.4.6.1. Introduction
2.4.6.2. Inland waterways
2.4.6.3. Sea shipping
2.4.7. Air Transport System
2.4.7.1. Introduction
2.4.7.2. Airports
2.4.7.3. Transport service networks
2.5. Transportation Systems Topics: Planning, Control, Congestion, Safety, and Environment Protection
2.6. Problems
References
Websites
Chapter 3: Traffic and Transportation Analysis Techniques
3.1. Object Motion and Time-Space Diagrams
3.2. Transportation Networks Basics
3.3. Optimal Paths in Transportation Networks
3.3.1. Finding Shortest Path in a Transportation Network
3.3.2. Dijkstra's Algorithm
3.3.3. Shortest Paths Between All Pairs of Nodes
3.4. Mathematical Programming Applications in Traffic and Transportation
3.4.1. Linear Programming in Traffic and Transportation
3.4.2. Integer Programming
3.4.3. Dimensionality of the Traffic and Transportation Engineering Problems
3.4.4. Complexity of Algorithms
3.5. Probability Theory and Traffic Phenomena
3.5.1. Probability Theory Basics
3.5.2. Random Variables and Probability Distributions
3.5.2.1. Poisson distribution
3.5.2.2. Exponential distributions
3.5.2.3. Normal distribution
3.6. Queueing in Transportation Systems
3.6.1. Elements of Queueing Systems
3.6.2. D/D/1 Queueing
3.6.3. Little's Law
3.6.4. M/M/1 Queueing
3.6.5. M/M/s Queueing
3.6.6. Queueing Theory and Investments in Transportation Facilities Expansion
3.7. Simulation
3.7.1. The Monte Carlo Simulation Method
3.8. MultiAttribute Decision Making Methods
3.8.1. Attribute Weights
3.8.2. Minimax Method
3.8.3. Maximax Method
3.8.4. Simple Additive Weighting Method
3.8.5. TOPSIS
3.9. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)
3.9.1. Ratios
3.9.2. DEA Basics
3.10. Computational Intelligence Techniques
3.10.1. The Concept of Fuzzy Sets
3.10.2. The Fuzzy Sets Basics
3.10.3. Basic Elements of Fuzzy Systems
3.10.4. Artificial Neural Networks
3.10.4.1. Introduction
3.10.4.2. Biological neurons and artificial neurons
3.10.4.3. An artificial neuron
3.10.4.4. Characteristics of neural networks
3.10.4.5. A multilayered feedforward neural network
3.10.4.6. Training of a neural network
3.10.4.7. Validation of a neural model
3.11. Problems
References
Chapter 4: Traffic Flow Theory
4.1. Traffic Flow Phenomenon
4.2. Measurements of the Basic Flow Variables
4.3. Vehicle Headways and Flow
4.4. Poisson Distribution of the Number of Arrivals and the Exponential Distribution of Headways
4.5. Normal Distribution and Pearson Type III Distribution of Headway
4.5.1. Speeds
4.6. Speed-Density Relationship
4.7. Flow-Density Relationship
4.8. Speed-Flow Relationship
4.9. Fundamental Diagram of Traffic Flow
4.10. Shock Waves
4.11. Micro-Simulation Traffic Models
4.12. Car Following Models
4.12.1. The Car-Following Model Based on Fuzzy Inference Rules
4.13. Network Flow Diagram
4.13.1. Link-Based Measurements
4.13.2. Generalized Traffic Flow Variables
4.13.3. Trajectory-Based Measurements
4.14. Problems
References
Chapter 5: Capacity and Level of Service
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Highway Capacity and Level of Service
5.2.1. Highway Capacity and Traffic Demand Variations
5.2.2. Freeways
5.2.3. Methodology for the Capacity Analysis, LOS, and the Lane Requirements
5.2.4. The Number of Lanes Required to Deliver the Target LOS
5.3. Ultimate´´ andPractical´´ Capacity of Bus Stations
5.4. Rail Inter-Urban Transport Systems
5.4.1. General
5.4.1.1. Capacity and service level of infrastructure
Ultimate´´ capacity of a single-track line(s)Practical´´ capacity of a single rail line(s) and service level
Ultimate´´ andpractical´´ capacity of rail station(s), and service level
Passenger stations
Freight handling station
Freight terminals
Rail shunting yard
5.4.1.2. Capacity and service level of the vehicle fleet
Passenger trains
Freight trains
Capacity
Transport work
Productivity
Size of rolling stock
5.5. Inland Waterway Freight/Cargo Transportation System
5.5.1. General
5.5.2. Classification
5.5.3. Infrastructure Network
5.5.3.1. Ports
Components, operations, and capacity
Capacity and service level of the water side area
Ultimate´´ capacityPractical´´ capacity and service level
Capacity of and service level of the land side area
Ultimate´´ capacityPractical´´ capacity and service level
5.5.3.2. Rivers and man-built channels
Ultimate´´ capacityPractical´´ capacity and service level
5.5.4. Transport Service Network
5.5.4.1. Rolling stock/vehicles
5.5.4.2. Route and network
Transport service frequency
Transport work
Productivity
Network
5.6. Maritime Freight/Cargo Transport System
5.6.1. General
5.6.2. Ports
5.6.2.1. Configuration-layout
5.6.2.2. Capacity-seaside area
5.6.2.3. Service level-seaside area
5.6.2.4. Capacity-landside area
Terminal yard/area
Freight/cargo handling equipment
5.6.2.5. Capacity-access modes
Rail
Road
Total capacity
Balancing the seaside and landside capacity and the overall service quality
Generalization
5.6.3. Shipping Lines
5.6.3.1. Route
Capacity
Service level
5.6.3.2. Network
Capacity
Service level
5.7. Air Transport System
5.7.1. General
5.7.2. Airports
5.7.2.1. Background
5.7.2.2. Ultimate´´ capacity
Runway system
Landing capacity
Take-off capacity
Capacity for mixed operations
Taxiways
Apron/gate complex
5.7.2.3.Practical´´ capacity and service level
5.7.3. Air Traffic Control
5.7.3.1. Background
5.7.3.2. Ultimate´´ capacity
5.7.3.3.Practical´´ capacity and service level
5.8. Problems
References
Websites
Chapter 6: Traffic Control
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Traffic Control at Signalized Intersections
6.2.1. Fixed-Time Control at the Isolated Intersection
6.2.2. Vehicle Delays at Signalized Intersections
6.2.3. The Determination of Timing for Fixed-Time Signals
6.2.4. Signal Phasing Selection
6.2.5. Volume Adjustment (Calculation of Equivalent Straight-Through Passenger Cars)
6.2.6. Critical Lane Volumes Selection
6.2.7. Change Interval Calculation
6.2.8. Cycle Length Calculation
6.2.9. Green Time Allocation
6.2.10. Pedestrian Crossing Time Check
6.2.11. Actuated Signal Control
6.3. Alternative Intersections
6.3.1. Displaced Left-Turn (DLT) Intersections
6.3.2. Median U-Turn (MUT) Intersection
6.3.3. Restricted Crossing U-Turn (RCUT) Intersections
6.3.4. Quadrant Roadway Intersection
6.3.5. Roundabout
6.3.6. Diverging Diamond Interchange(DDI)
6.4. Traffic Control for Arterial Streets
6.4.1. Adaptive Control Strategies
6.5. Area-Wide Traffic Control Systems
6.6. Traffic Control Signal Needs Studies
6.6.1. Warrant 1
6.6.2. Warrant 2
6.6.3. Warrant 3
6.6.4. Warrant 4
6.6.5. Warrant 5
6.6.6. Warrant 6
6.6.7. Warrant 7
6.6.8. Warrant 8
6.6.9. Warrant 9
6.7. Intelligent Transportation Systems
6.7.1. ITS Architecture
6.7.2. ITS User Services
6.7.3. Autonomous Vehicles
6.7.4. Autonomous Intersection Management
6.8. Freeway Traffic Control
6.8.1. Freeway Traffic Control Measures
6.8.2. Ramp Metering
6.8.3. Driver Information and Guidance Systems
6.9. Transportation Demand Management
6.9.1. Ride-Sharing (Carpooling)
6.9.2. Remote Parking and Park and Ride
6.9.3. Improved Walkability
6.9.4. Telework
6.9.5. Congestion Pricing
6.9.6. Congestion Charges
6.10. HOV Facilities
6.11. Highway Space Inventory Control System
6.12. Auctions
6.13. Rail Traffic Control
6.13.1. Background
6.13.2. Infrastructure
6.13.3. Supportive Facilities and Equipment
6.13.3.1. Signaling systems
Fixed block systems
ERTMS (European Rail Traffic Management System)
Moving block system
6.13.3.2. Rail traffic control/management system
6.13.3.3. Fully automated rail traffic control/management system
Concept of metro automation
Components of automated metro system
Signaling and train control
6.13.4. The Workload and Capacity of Train Dispatcher(s)
6.14. Air Traffic Control
6.14.1. Background
6.14.2. Infrastructure
6.14.2.1. Airspace
6.14.2.2. Airports
6.14.3. Supportive Facilities and Equipment
6.14.4. The ATC Separation Rules and Procedures
6.14.5. The ATC Staff-Controller and Pilots
6.14.6. Automation
6.14.7. The Workload and Capacity of ATC Controller(s)
6.15. Problems
References
Websites
Chapter 7: Public Transportation Systems
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Number of Transported Passengers Versus Number of Served Vehicles
7.3. Urban Public Transit
7.3.1. Road-Based Urban Transit Systems
7.3.1.1. Regular buses
7.3.1.2. Trolleybuses
7.3.1.3. Semirapid buses
7.3.2. Rail-Based Urban Transit Systems
7.3.2.1. Streetcars or tramways
7.3.2.2. Light rail transit
7.3.2.3. Rail rapid transit or subway or metro
7.3.2.4. Regional rail
7.3.3. Complementarity of the Systems
7.4. Infrastructure of Urban Transit Systems
7.4.1. Stops/Stations in Urban Transit Systems
7.4.2. Urban Transit Systems Links and Indicators of Network Size
7.4.2.1. Topology and relationship to the urban area/city
7.5. Public Transportation Availability
7.6. Passenger Flows in Public Transportation
7.7. Passenger Flows Along a Transit Line
7.8. Service Frequency and Headways
7.8.1. The Maximum Service Frequency
7.8.2. Passenger Waiting Time
7.8.3. Headway Determination by Square Root Formula´´
7.8.4. Headway Determination by Maximum Load Method
7.9. Timetable
7.10. Transit Line Capacity
7.10.1. Transit Line Capacity Utilization
7.11. The Performances of the Urban Transit Network
7.12. Public Transit Network Types
7.13. The Public Transit Network Design
7.13.1. Simple Greedy Algorithm for Public Transit Network Design
7.14. Service Frequencies Determination in Transit Network
7.15. Vehicle Scheduling in Public Transit
7.16. Crew Scheduling in Public Transit
7.17. Disruption Management in Public Transit
7.18. Public Transit Planning Process
7.19. Shared Mobility
7.19.1. Demand-Responsive Transportation Systems
7.19.2. Type of Routing and Scheduling in DRT
7.19.3. Dial-a-Ride
7.19.4. Bicycle Transportation
7.19.5. Transportation Policy That Promotes Bicycle Transportation
7.19.6. Infrastructure for Bicycling
7.19.7. Bicycle-Sharing Systems
7.19.8. Imbalance Between Bike Demand and Bike Supply
7.20. Interurban Road Transport Systems
7.20.1. Introduction
7.20.2. Service Networks in an Interurban Road Transportation
7.21. Air Transportation
7.21.1. Air Transportation Demand
7.21.2. Airline Supply and Airline Capacity
7.22. Air Transportation Networks
7.23. Flight Frequencies
7.23.1. Flight Frequency Satisfying Demand
7.23.2. Flight Frequency Gaining Market Share
7.23.3. Flight Frequency Minimizing the Total Route Cost
7.24. Airline Transport Work and Productivity
7.25. Fleet Size
7.26. Level of Service
7.27. Airline Scheduling
7.28. Airline Schedule Planning Process
7.29. Airline Revenue Management
7.30. Problems
REFERENCES
Chapter 8: Transportation Demand Analysis
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Transportation Demand and Transportation Supply
8.3. Transportation Demand Modeling
8.4. Transportation Demand Forecasting Techniques
8.4.1. Time Series Models
8.4.2. Trend Projection
8.5. Four-Step Planning Procedure
8.5.1. Trip Generation
8.5.2. Trip Distribution
8.5.3. Gravity Model
8.5.4. Modal Split
8.5.5. Route Choice and Traffic Assignment
8.6. User Equilibrium and System Optimum
8.6.1. Formulation of the User Equilibrium Problem
8.7. Heuristic Algorithms for Finding User-Equilibrium Flow Pattern
8.7.1. Capacity Restraint Algorithm
8.7.2. FHWA Algorithm
8.7.3. Incremental Assignment Algorithm
8.8. System Optimal Route Choice
8.9. Price of Anarchy
8.10. Braess Paradox and Transportation Capacity Expansions
8.11. Dynamic Traffic Assignment
8.12. Transportation Demand Analysis Based on Discrete Choice Models
8.13. Logit Model
8.13.1. Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives Property
8.13.2. Logit Model Estimation
8.14. Application of the Computational Intelligence Techniques for the Prediction of Travel Demand
8.15. Activity-Based Travel Demand Models
8.15.1. Basic Characteristics of the Activity-Based Travel Models
8.16. Problems
References
Chapter 9: Freight Transportation and Logistics
9.1. Logistics Systems Basics
9.1.1. Reverse Logistics
9.2. Road Freight Transport Infrastructure
9.2.1.Ultimate´´ and Practical´´ Capacity and Service Level of Road Truck Roads
9.2.2.Ultimate´´ and Practical´´ Capacity of Road Freight Terminals and Their Level-of-Service
9.3. Service Networks of the Road Freight Transport Operators
9.3.1. Capacities and Service Level of the Road Freight Transport Service Networks
9.4. City Logistics
9.4.1. Urban Freight Transport Basics
9.4.2. Urban Freight Distribution Systems
9.4.2.1. Conventional systems
9.4.2.2. Advanced systems
Vehicles/capsules and their power and guidance system
9.5. Basics of Location Theory
9.5.1. Location Problems Classification
9.5.2. Measuring Distances Between Facilities and Demand-Generating Nodes
9.5.3. The Location Set Covering Problem
9.5.4. Maximal Covering Location Problem
9.5.5. Medians
9.5.5.1. Location of a single median
9.5.6. Hub Location
9.6. Vehicle Routing and Scheduling
9.6.1. VRPs Types
9.6.2. Vehicle Routing and Scheduling Problems Complexity
9.6.3. Traveling Salesman Problem
9.6.4. Vehicle Routing Problem
9.6.5. Clark-WrightsSavings´´ Algorithm for the VRP
9.6.6. Sweep Algorithm for the VRP
9.7. Problems
References
Website
Chapter 10: Transport Economics
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Definition of the Main Terms
10.2.1. Transport Sector/Industry
10.2.2. Fixed and Variable Costs
10.2.3. Economies of Scale and Economies of Scope
10.2.4. The Cost Function and Revenues
10.2.5. Relationship Between Demand and Supply
10.3. Transportation Projects Evaluation
10.4. Cost-Benefit Analysis
10.5. Infrastructure Cost
10.5.1. Urban Mass Transit Systems
10.5.1.1. General
10.5.1.2. Streetcar (tramway)
10.5.1.3. BRT and LRT
10.5.1.4. Subway (metro)
10.5.2. Road
10.5.3. Rail
10.5.4. Inland Waterways
10.5.5. Ports
10.5.6. Airports
10.6. Operating Costs and Revenues
10.6.1. Individual Cars
10.6.2. Urban Mass Transit Systems
10.6.2.1. General
10.6.2.2. Streetcar (tramway)
10.6.2.3. BRT and LRT
10.6.2.4. Costs
10.6.2.5. Revenues
10.6.2.6. Subway (metro)
10.6.3. Interurban Mass Transit Systems
10.6.3.1. Road passenger transport
10.6.3.2. Road freight transport
10.6.3.3. Rail passenger transport
Costs
Revenues
Balancing revenues and costs
10.6.3.4. Rail freight transport
10.6.4. Inland Waterways Cargo Transport
10.6.5. Maritime Cargo Transport
10.6.5.1. Ports
Costs
Revenues
10.6.5.2. Shipping lines
Costs
Revenues
10.6.6. Air
10.6.6.1. Airports
10.6.6.2. Air traffic control
10.6.6.3. Airlines passenger transport
Costs
Revenues
10.6.6.4. Airlines cargo transport
10.6.7. Intermodal-Rail/Road Freight Transport
10.6.7.1. General
10.6.7.2. CIFTs
10.6.7.3. LIFTs
10.6.7.4. Costs
10.6.7.5. Revenues
References
Websites
Chapter 11: Transportation, Environment, and Society
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Categorization and Modeling Impacts
11.2.1. Congestion
11.2.2. Noise
11.2.3. Traffic Incidents/Accidents (Safety)
11.2.4. Energy/Fuel Consumption and Emissions of GHG
11.2.4.1. Energy/fuel consumption
11.2.4.2. Emissions of GHG
Air pollutants
Contribution to global warming/climate change
Some estimation of emissions of GHG
11.2.5. Land Use
11.2.6. Waste
11.3. Road-Based Systems
11.3.1. Congestion
11.3.1.1. Cars
Impact
11.3.1.2. Buses
11.3.1.3. Trucks
11.3.2. Noise
11.3.2.1. Cars
Character of impact
Some mitigation measures
11.3.2.2. Buses
11.3.2.3. Trucks
11.3.3. Traffic Accidents/Incidents (Safety)
11.3.3.1. Cars
Character of impact
Some mitigating measures
11.3.3.2. Buses
11.3.3.3. Trucks
11.3.4. Energy/Fuel Consumption and Emissions of GHG
11.3.4.1. Cars
Categories
Some effects of different passenger car technologies
11.3.4.2. Buses
Direct energy/fuel consumption and related emissions of GHG
Indirect energy/fuel consumption and related emissions of GHG-savings by modals shift
11.3.4.3. Trucks
11.3.5. Land Use
11.3.5.1. Cars
11.3.5.2. Buses
11.3.5.3. Trucks
11.4. Rail-Based Systems
11.4.1. Congestion
11.4.1.1. Streetcar (tramway)
11.4.1.2. LRT (Light Rail Transit)
11.4.1.3. Subway (metro)
11.4.1.4. Passenger inter-urban trains
11.4.1.5. Freight trains
11.4.2. Noise
11.4.2.1. Streetcar (tramway)
11.4.2.2. LRT (Light Rail Transit)
11.4.2.3. Subway (metro)
11.4.2.4. Passenger inter-urban trains
11.4.2.5. Freight trains
11.4.3. Traffic Accidents/Incidents (Safety)
11.4.3.1. Streetcar (tramway)
11.4.3.2. LRT (Light Rail Transit)
11.4.3.3. Subway (metro)
11.4.3.4. Passenger inter-urban trains
11.4.3.5. Freight trains
11.4.4. Energy/Fuel Consumption and Emissions of GHG
11.4.4.1. Streetcar (tramway)
11.4.4.2. LRT (Light Rail Transit)
11.4.4.3. Subway (metro)
11.4.4.4. Passenger inter-urban trains
11.4.4.5. Freight trains
11.4.5. Land Use
11.4.5.1. Streetcar (tramway)
11.4.5.2. LRT (Light Rail Transit)
11.4.5.3. Subway (metro)
11.4.5.4. Passenger inter-urban trains
11.4.5.5. Freight trains
11.5. Water-Based Systems
11.5.1. Congestion
11.5.2. Noise
11.5.2.1. Seaports
11.5.2.2. Shipping lines and inland vessels/barges
11.5.3. Traffic Accidents/Incidents (Safety)
11.5.3.1. Seaports
11.5.3.2. Shipping lines
11.5.4. Energy/Fuel Consumption and Emissions of GHG
11.5.4.1. Inland waterways
11.5.4.2. Seaports
Energy/fuel consumption
Emissions of GHG
Some mitigating measures
11.5.4.3. Shipping lines
Energy/fuel consumption and emissions of GHG
Some mitigating measures
Future technologies
11.5.5. Land Use
11.5.6. Waste
11.6. Air-Based Systems
11.6.1. Congestion
11.6.1.1. Shortage of the airport and ATC capacity
11.6.1.2. Demand/capacity relationship at airports
11.6.1.3. Some other causes
11.6.1.4. Frequency
11.6.2. Noise
11.6.2.1. Aircraft noise
11.6.2.2. Airport noise
11.6.3. Traffic Accidents and Incidents (Safety)
11.6.3.1. Risk
11.6.3.2. Causes
11.6.3.3. Assessment
11.6.4. Energy/Fuel Consumption and Emissions of GHG
11.6.4.1. Aircraft energy/fuel consumption
11.6.4.2. Airline energy/fuel consumption
11.6.4.3. Aircraft and airline emissions of GHG
11.6.4.4. Airport energy/fuel consumption and emissions of GHG
11.6.5. Land Use
11.7. Costs of Impacts-Externalities
11.7.1. Definition
11.7.2. Some Modeling
11.7.2.1. Congestion
11.7.2.2. Noise
11.7.2.3. Traffic accidents/incidents (safety)
11.7.2.4. Energy consumption and emissions of GHG
11.7.2.5. Land use
11.7.2.6. Waste
11.7.3. Some Estimation/Quantification
References
Website
Chapter 12: Resilience of Transport Systems
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Reliability, Resilience, Robustness, and Vulnerability of Engineering Systems
12.2.1. Concept and Definition
12.2.2. Uncertainty
12.3. Reliability, Resilience, Robustness, and Vulnerability of Transport Systems
12.3.1. Concept and Definition
12.3.2. Disruptive Events
12.3.2.1. Characteristics
12.3.2.2. Pattern of occurrence
12.3.2.3. Risk probabilities of occurrence
12.4. Indicators of Performances for Estimating Reliability, Resilience, Robustness, and Vulnerability
12.4.1. Scope
12.4.2. Models of Indicators
12.4.2.1. Infrastructure
12.4.2.2. Vehicles
12.4.2.3. Transport services
12.5. Examples of Estimating Reliability, Resilience, Robustness, and Vulnerability
12.5.1. Road Transport Mode
12.5.1.1. Private transport services
12.5.1.2. Public transport services
12.5.2. Rail Transport Mode
12.5.3. Air Transport Mode
12.6. Contingency Measures and Disruption Management
12.6.1. Public Transport
12.6.2. Evacuation Problems
12.6.3. Evacuation Process
12.6.4. k-Shortest Paths Concept in Evacuation
12.6.5. Evacuees Departure Rate and Departure Times
12.6.6. Evacuation Strategies
12.6.7. The Performance Metrics
12.7. Comparing Reliability, Resilience, Robustness, Vulnerability, and Sustainability of Transport Systems
12.7.1. Similarity and Differences
12.7.1.1. Sustainability
12.7.1.2. Resilience
12.7.1.3. Some commonalities
12.7.2. Possibility for Common Approach
12.7.2.1. Ratio between the cumulative vulnerability and cumulative resilience of transport system during the impact of d ...
12.7.2.2. Relationships between the cumulative losses of welfare and the cumulative savings in externalities during the i ...
12.7.2.3. Difference between the costs of repairing damages and the losses of socioeconomic welfare by the impacts of dis ...
12.7.3. Examples of Common Approach
12.7.3.1. Some methodological details specific for the case
12.7.3.2. Ratio between the cumulative vulnerability and cumulative resilience during the observed period of time
12.7.3.3. Relationships between the cumulative losses of welfare and the cumulative savings in externalities during the i ...
12.7.3.4. The total costs of disruptions of transport systems
12.8. Problems
References
Websites
Index
Back Cover