Transport and Safety: Systems, Approaches, and Implementation (Springer Transactions in Civil and Environmental Engineering)

✍ Scribed by Geetam Tiwari; Dinesh Mohan

• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 325
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 The Swedish Vision Zero—An Advanced Safety Culture Phenomenon
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Safety Culture—A Concept to Explore How Road Safety Strategies Are Evolved Over the years
1.3 Swedish Road Safety—From Pathological, Reactive to Calculative
1.4 Vision Zero—Adopted by the Swedish Parliament 1997—A Proactive Approach to Safety
1.5 Vision Zero a Policy Innovation
1.6 Definition of the Road Safety Problem—Traditional Versus Vision Zero
1.7 Perspective on Responsibility—Traditional Versus Vision Zero
1.8 What Should Be Achieved in the Long Run—Traditional Versus Vision Zero
1.9 Vision Zero and Implementation
1.10 Vision Zero—Road Safety Interventions: A Few Concept Examples
1.11 Unprotected Road Users in Urban Areas
1.12 Head-On Collisions on Rural Roads
1.13 Alcohol-Related Crashes
1.14 Speed and Vision Zero
1.15 Vision Zero—How to Make Things Happen
1.16 New Institutional Conditions
1.17 Vision Zero and the Road Safety Trend
1.18 Conclusions
References
2 Sustainable Safety: The Dutch Example of a Safe System Approach
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Crashes with Fatalities and Injuries
2.3 Road Safety Problems: High Risks and Low-Hanging Fruit
2.4 A Safe System Approach
2.5 Sustainable Safety in the Netherlands: A Safe System Example
2.5.1 Traffic Planning: Functionality of Roads
2.5.2 Homogeneity: Dealing with Physical Vulnerability
2.5.3 Forgivingness: Physical and Social
2.5.4 Predictability
2.5.5 State Awareness
2.6 Sustainable Safety: Implementation and Effects
2.7 Lessons Learned
References
3 Traffic Safety: The Top Ten Issues
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Issue 1: Production
3.3 Issue 2: Sequencing
3.4 Issue 3: Inequality
3.5 Issue 4: Limits to Performance
3.6 Issue 5: The Road User
3.7 Issue 6: Design
3.8 Issue 7: Development
3.9 Issue 8: Innovation
3.10 Issue 9: Investment
3.11 Issue 10: Management
3.12 Concluding Remarks
References
4 Legislation, Enforcement and Education for Traffic Safety: A Brief Review of the Current State of Knowledge
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Legislation—Some Examples and General Lessons
4.3 Enforcement—Key Lessons
4.4 Education—Key Lessons
4.5 Concluding Reflections
References
5 What and How of Effective Police Enforcement
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Theoretical Framework for Enforcement Measures
5.2 Objectives
5.3 Summary of Systematic Reviews
5.3.1 Speed Control
5.3.2 Red-Light Cameras
5.3.3 Police Patrol for Alcohol-Impaired Driving
5.3.4 Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Checkpoints
5.3.5 Seat Belts
5.4 Effect of Intensity of Enforcement and Penalties on Deterrence
5.4.1 Intensity of Enforcement
5.4.2 Effect of Penalties
5.4.3 Summary of the Evidence on Deterrence
5.5 Conclusions
References
6 Principles for Development of Safer Rural Highway Systems for Conditions Prevailing in Low and Middle-Income Countries
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Highway Traffic and Crash Patterns in LMICs
6.3 Road Standards and Safe Roads
6.4 An Overview of Factors Affecting Road Traffic Crashes
6.4.1 Speed
6.4.2 Traffic Flow
6.4.3 Traffic Density
6.4.4 Road Characteristics
6.5 Safety Science and Safety Vision
6.5.1 Traffic Safety Theories
6.6 Principles for Safe Highways in LMICs
References
7 Traffic Calming: The Way Ahead in Mixed Traffic
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Pedestrian Safety
7.2.1 History
7.2.2 Developing Countries
7.2.3 Situation Today Regarding Vulnerable Road Users
7.2.4 “The Zebra Crossing Story”
7.2.5 The Promotion of Low Speeds
7.2.6 Traffic Calming
7.2.7 Humps (Speed Breakers, Sleeping Policemen, etc.)
7.2.8 Small Roundabouts
7.2.9 Speed and Interaction with Vulnerable Road Users
7.3 Conclusions
References
8 State of the Art of Roundabout Performance for Promoting of Urban Safety
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Classification of Roundabouts
8.3 Some Words Regarding Accident Statistics
8.4 Some Early Findings for Traffic Safety
8.5 Current Research Results on Roundabout Safety
8.5.1 USA
8.5.2 Denmark
8.5.3 Germany
8.5.4 Mini Roundabouts
8.5.5 Turbo-Roundabouts
8.6 Accident Prediction
8.7 Cyclists at Roundabouts
8.8 Conclusion
References
9 Pedestrian Safety Versus Traffic Flow: Finding the Balance
9.1 Introduction
9.2 A Brief History Lesson
9.3 Engineering Guidelines
9.4 Behavioral Adaptation
9.5 Data Issues
9.6 What Policies Reduce Fatal and Injury Crashes?
9.7 Solutions: Sharing the Street
9.8 Conclusions
References
10 Current Vehicle Safety Technologies and Future Directions
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Before the Crash Systems and Their Effectiveness
10.3 In the Crash
10.4 After the Crash
10.5 The Application of Advanced Safety Technologies in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
10.6 Conclusions
References
11 Possible Futures of Vehicle Safety
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Safe Vehicles
11.3 Secondary Safety of ‘Safety of Protection’
11.4 Primary Safety
11.5 Tertiary Safety
11.6 Technology and Safety Benefits
11.7 Current Trends and Possible Future
11.7.1 Connected Vehicle
11.7.2 Automated Driving
11.7.3 Frugal Engineering and Frugal Safety
References
12 Head Trauma Biomechanics
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Existing Head Injury Criteria Based on Linear Acceleration: Presentation and Critics
12.2.1 Introduction
12.2.2 Maximum Resultant Head Acceleration
12.2.3 Wayne State Tolerance Curve
12.2.4 Head Injury Criterion, HIC
12.2.5 Conclusion
12.3 Head Modeling and Injury Criteria
12.3.1 Human Head Model
12.3.2 Accident Database
12.3.3 Head Trauma Simulations and Statistical Analysis
12.3.4 Derivation of Injury Criteria
12.4 Conclusion and Applications
References
13 Urban Transport Planning in the Age of Global Warming
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 48 Years After “Global Warning”
13.1.2 The City
13.1.3 Urbanization
13.1.4 Political Indicators and Their Effects on the Globe
13.1.5 What is the Main Goal of Economic Activities?
13.1.6 The Transport System
13.1.7 From Fascination to Addiction
13.1.8 Future Outlook
13.1.9 Consequences for the Urban Transport System
13.1.10 The Big Advantage of Urban Economy in Developing Countries
13.1.11 Unintended Effects of Car Traffic on Human Behavior
13.1.12 The Competitive Advantage of Developing Countries
13.1.13 The Race Against Time
13.1.14 The Crucial Role of Available Budget
13.1.15 The Cause of the Urban Traffic Problem: The Bond Between People and the Car
13.1.16 To Read the City—From Outside and from Inside
13.1.17 Is This Model City of the Future an Illusion?
13.1.18 It is All About Reducing the Speed
13.1.19 The Effect of TRIPP International Seminars
References
14 The Energy Glut: Transport and the Politics of Fatness and Thinness
14.1 Cars Are Dangerous to Pedestrians and Cyclists
14.2 Road Death Rates Fall as Roads Get More Dangerous Because People Get Out of the Way
14.3 The Resulting Decline in Human Movement Moves the Population BMI Distribution Upwards
14.4 The Car Industry Says the Main Problem Is a Lack of Road Safety Education
14.5 Structural Reasons for the Current Situation
14.6 The Good News and Why We Should Act
References
15 ‘How Can Transport Contribute to Other Urban Agendas?’
15.1 Introduction
15.2 How Does Transport Serve Four Urban Agendas
15.3 Making Sense of City Growth
15.4 Do All Low-Income Groups Really Live in ‘Slums’?
15.5 Housing Options
15.6 Can Transport Costs Be Reduced?
15.7 What Could Transport Do for Housing Costs?
15.8 Conclusions
References