Towards an International Political Economy of Artificial Intelligence

✍ Scribed by Tugrul Keskin, Ryan David Kiggins

• Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 266
• Series: International Political Economy Series
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This volume seeks to leverage academic interdisciplinarity to develop insight into how Artificial intelligence (AI), the latest GPT to emerge, may influence or radically change socio-political norms, practices, and institutions. AI may best be understood as a predictive technology. “Prediction is the process of filling in missing information. Prediction takes information you have, often called ‘data’, and uses it to generate information you don’t have” (Agrawal, Gans, and Goldfarb 2018, 13; also see Mayer-Schonberger and Ramge 2018). AI makes prediction cheap because the cost of information is now close to zero. Cheap prediction through AI technologies are radically altering how we govern ourselves, interact with each other, and sustain society. Contributors to this volume represent the academic disciplines of Sociology and Political Science working within a diverse set of intra-disciplinary fields that when combined, yield novel insights into the following questions guiding this volume:

How might AI transform people? How might AI transform socio-political practices? How might AI transform socio-political institutions?

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Contents
Contributors
Acronyms
List of Figures
List of Tables
Part I Political Economy
1 Social Production and Artificial Intelligence
A Working Definition of AI
AI, Social Production, and IPE
Conclusion
Works Cited
2 The Role of Women in Contemporary Technology and the Feminization of Artificial Intelligence and Its Devices
Introduction: The Contemporary Link Between Economy, Technology and Women
Literature Review: Technology and Feminism
Second-Wave Feminism
Liberal Feminism
Radical Feminism
Socialist or Marxist Feminism
Third-Wave Feminism
Post-feminism
Cyberfeminism
Technofeminism
Xenofeminism
Technology Development Is a Source and a Consequence of the Development of the Role of Women
Second-Wave Feminism and the Proportion of Women in Technology Jobs
Third-Wave Feminism and the Female Body
Conclusion
Bibliography
3 Rise of the Centaurs: The Internet of Things Intelligence Augmentation
Rise of the Machines
Bicycles for the Mind and the IoTIA
Political Deskilling and the Fate of Democracy
Foxes, Hedgehogs, and Centaurs
Conclusion
References
4 AI in Public Education: Humble Beginnings and Revolutionary Potential
The Global AI Landscape
The United States
The 30,000-Foot View
Current AI Implementations in Public Education
China
The 30,000-Foot View
Current AI Implementations in Public Education
Current AI Implementations in Public Education
India
The 30,000-Foot View
Current AI Implementations in Public Education
AI and Existing Educational Structures
Charting a Path Forward
Bibliography
5 Chinese and U.S. AI and Cloud Multinational Corporations in Latin America
Introduction
Analytical Approach
Digitalization and Latin America
AI Policies in the U.S. and China
AI-Cloud-MNCs Strategies in Latin America
Amazon Web Services (AWS)
Microsoft
Huawei
Uneven and Combined Development
Latin American Strategies to Face AI-Cloud-MNCs
Conclusions
References
6 AI Application in Surveillance for Public Safety: Adverse Risks for Contemporary Societies
Technology in Societies
AI in Surveillance
What Is Surveillance?
Application of AI in Surveillance
Video Surveillance
Digital Surveillance
Risks of AI-enabled Surveillance
Biases in Algorithms
Arbitrary Factors in Surveillance
Lack of Transparency in Disproportionate Collection of Data
Negative Psychological and Social Impacts
Integrated Analysis
Conclusion
Bibliography
Part II Global Security
7 Artificial Intelligence for Peace: An Early Warning System for Mass Violence
Introduction
Risk Assessment and Early Warning: What We Know, What We Need to Know
What Is a Political Meme?
Technologies for an Early Warning System for Violence
Limitations of Existing Technologies and a Research Roadmap
Ethical Considerations
Policy Implications
Conclusion
References
8 Between Scylla and Charybdis: The Threat of Democratized Artificial Intelligence
Introduction
Theory—Advanced and Democratized
Confirming Cases
Google Maps
Social Media
Civilian Drones
Predictive Cases
Self-driving Cars
Internet Bots
3D Printing
Conclusion
References
9 Comparison of National Artificial Intelligence (AI): Strategic Policies and Priorities
Introduction
Methodology
National AI Policies and Strategies
Canada
Priorities
Budget
Achievements
Challenges
China
Priorities
Budget
Achievements
Challenges
France
Priorities
Budget
Achievements
Challenges
Japan
Priority
Budget
Achievements
Challenges
Republic of Korea
Priorities
Budget
Achievements
Challenges
The United States
Priorities
Budget
Achievements
Challenge
Framework Analysis
Conclusions and Recommendations
References
10 Militarization of Artificial Intelligence: Progress and Implications
Introduction
U.S. And the Militarization for AI
China as the Aspirant of Leadership in AI
Russia and AI
India and the Race of AI
Implications
Recommendations
Conclusion
Bibliography
11 Artificial Intelligence and International Security
Introduction
Importance and Usage of Artificial Intelligence
Military Security
Human Security
Job Security
Health Security
Cybersecurity
The Dilemma
The Military Security Dilemma
The Human Security Dilemma
Job Loss Dilemma
The Health Care Dilemma
Cybersecurity Dilemma
The Security Dilemma
Military Security
Human Security
Job Loss Security
Health Care Security
Cybersecurity
Way Ahead
Conclusion
References
Index