โ Scribed by Wolfgang A. Wall; Lena Wiechert; Andrew Comerford; Sophie Rausch
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
This paper is concerned with computational modeling of the respiratory system against the background of acute lung diseases and mechanical ventilation. Conceptually, we divide the lung into two major subsystems, namely the conducting airways and the respiratory zone represented by lung parenchyma. Owing to their respective complexity, both parts are themselves out of range for a direct numerical simulation resolving all relevant length scales. Therefore, we develop detailed individual models for parts of the subsystems as a basis for novel multiโscale approaches taking into account the unresolved parts appropriately. In the tracheobronchial region, CTโbased geometries up to a maximum of approximately seven generations are employed in fluidโstructure interaction simulations, considering not only airway wall deformability but also the influence of surrounding lung tissue. Physiological outflow boundary conditions are derived by considering the impedance of the unresolved parts of the lung in a fully coupled 3Dโ1D approach. In the respiratory zone, an ensemble of alveoli representing a single ventilatory unit is modeled considering not only soft tissue behavior but also the influence of the covering surfactant film. Novel nested multiโscale procedures are then employed to simulate the dynamic behavior of lung parenchyma as a whole and local alveolar ensembles simultaneously without resolving the alveolar microโstructure completely. Copyright ยฉ 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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