Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
About This Book
Contents
Contributors
About the Editors
About the Editors
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Tourism and Conservation-Based Development in the Periphery
1.1 Geographic Context for “Tourism and Conservation-Based Development in the Periphery: Lessons from Patagonia for a Rapidly Changing World”
1.1.1 Contexts and Foundations of Contemporary Patagonian Social-Environmental Systems
1.1.2 Patagonia as a Peripheral Territory
1.1.3 Government, Power, and Neoliberalism in Chilean and Argentine Patagonia
1.1.4 Conservation-Based Development
1.2 Overview of the Book Sections
1.2.1 Part I: Evolution of the Green Economy in Patagonia
1.2.2 Part II: Contemporary Conservation-Based Development: Challenges for Green Integration
1.2.3 Part III: Redefining and Evolving Conservation-Based Development Toward Locally Led Resilience and Sustainability
1.3 A Bit About the Authors Involved in This Project
References
Part I: Evolution of the Green Economy in Patagonia
Chapter 2: Territorializing Capital: Moreno’s Gift and the Political Economy of Nature in Argentine Patagonia
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Territorializing Capital
2.2.1 Agrarian Capitalism on the Rangelands
2.2.2 Andean Conservation, Leisure Capitalism, and Eco-philanthropy
2.3 Territorializing Moreno’s Gift
References
Chapter 3: Connectivity, Tourism, and Conservation: From Extractive Appropriation to Socio-Environmental Reappropriation of Nature in Aysén
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Theoretical Framework
3.3 Methodology
3.3.1 Study Area
3.3.2 Methods
3.4 Results
3.4.1 The History of Aysén’s Austral Road Network and Nature Protection
3.4.2 Opening Routes (1902–1949)
3.4.3 The Carretera Austral and Nature as Economic-Geopolitical Resources (1950–1989)
3.4.4 Connectivity as a Platform for the Resignification of Nature (1990–Today)
3.5 Discussion. Social Reappropriation of Nature: Emergence of Tourism and Environmental Protection in Aysén
3.6 Conclusions
3.6.1 But Beware of Risks of Extractivisms, Real Estate Development, and Over-Tourism
References
Chapter 4: How Changing Imaginaries of Nature and Tourism Have Shaped National Protected Area Creation in Argentine Patagonia
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methodology
4.3 Results
4.3.1 PA Creation in Argentine Patagonia
4.3.2 Local-Global Connections in Argentine Patagonia
4.3.2.1 Euro-nationalist Imaginary
4.3.2.2 New Argentina Imaginary
4.3.2.3 Environmental Crisis Imaginary
4.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Western Patagonia: From Frontiers of Exploration to the Commodification of Nature
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Study Area: Western Patagonia and the Exploradores Valley
5.3 Tourism in the Exploradores Valley: Local History of a Global Trajectory
5.3.1 In Search of Patagonian Tourism: Pristine Scenery and Exclusivity
5.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Geographic Imaginaries in Dispute in Northern Patagonia: Tourism, Environmental Conservation, and Indigenous Territorial Rights in Quinquén, Chile
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Production of Norpatagonia as a Geographic Imaginary
6.3 Land, Forests, and Conflicts in the Alto Bio-Bio Region
6.3.1 Pewenche Territorial Dispossession
6.3.2 Araucaria Harvesting and Protection
6.4 Tourism as an Alternative Protection Resource: The Case of Quinquén
6.4.1 From the Creation of a Regulatory Landscape…
6.4.2 …To the Touristification of Quinquén
6.5 Conclusion
References
Part II: Contemporary Conservation-Based Development: Challenges for Green Integration
Chapter 7: The Production of Space in the Frontiers of Tourism: Critical Analysis of the Huella de Glaciares Circuit Between El Chaltén, Argentina, and Villa O’Higgins, Chile
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Literature Review
7.3 Methods
7.3.1 The Study Area
7.3.2 The Huella de Glaciares Project
7.3.3 Data Collection and Analysis
7.4 Results and Discussion
7.4.1 Territorial Organization and Natural Protected Areas
7.4.2 Huellas de Glaciares Nature-Based Tourism Project
7.4.3 Access, as a Primary Condition of Production
7.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Beyond the Border: Understanding Freshwater Resources, Shared Identity, and Transboundary Cooperation in Southern Patagonia
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Transboundary Conservation in Southern Patagonia
8.2 Conceptual Framework: Factors Influencing Transboundary Collaboration and Conservation
8.3 Methods
8.4 Results
8.4.1 Environmental Factors Influencing Transboundary Collaboration
8.4.1.1 Ecological Factors in the Shared Patagonia Landscape
8.4.1.2 Combatting Transboundary Threats
8.4.2 Socio-cultural Factors Influencing Transboundary Conservation
8.4.2.1 Shared Identity
8.4.2.2 Engagement and Conflict with Local Communities
8.4.3 Political Factors Influencing Transboundary Conservation
8.4.3.1 Border Claims for Southern Patagonian Ice Field Resources
8.4.3.2 Political Turnover and Distrust
8.4.4 Economic Factors for Transboundary Conservation
8.4.4.1 Limited Resources and Management Capacity
8.4.5 Tourism Factors in Transboundary Conservation
8.5 Discussion
8.5.1 National and International Politics of Transboundary Water Resources
8.5.2 Shared Identity and Local Collaboration
8.5.3 Bridging Local, National, and International Scales
8.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Values, Conflicts, and Narratives of Private Protected Areas: The Case of Tompkins Conservation in Chilean Patagonia and Argentina
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Background on Tompkins Conservation
9.2 Theoretical Approach
9.3 Methods
9.3.1 Case Study Context
9.3.2 Narrative Analysis
9.4 Results
9.4.1 Academic Narratives
9.4.2 Popular Press Narratives
9.5 Discussion
9.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Exploring Social Representations of Nature-Based Tourism, Development Conflict, and Sustainable Development Futures in Chilean Patagonia
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Theoretical Framework
10.3 Methodology
10.3.1 Research Design and Justification
10.3.2 Data Collection
10.3.3 Data Processing and Analysis
10.4 Results
10.4.1 Contexts, Actors, Interests, and Underlying Dynamics of Tensions and Conflicts
10.4.2 Manifestations of Sustainable Development Futures Trajectories
10.5 Discussion
10.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Identification of Causal Chains for Sustainable Tourism Development Within Two Chilean Patagonia National Parks: Cerro Castillo and Torres del Paine
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Evaluation of the Linkages Between Tourism Use and PA Conservation
11.2 Methods
11.2.1 Data Collection
11.2.2 Data Analysis
11.3 Results and Discussion
11.3.1 Cerro Castillo National Park Case Study
11.3.1.1 Drivers
11.3.1.2 Pressures
11.3.1.3 Status
11.3.1.4 Impacts
11.3.1.5 Responses
11.3.2 Torres del Paine National Park Case Study
11.3.2.1 Drivers
11.3.2.2 Pressures
11.3.2.3 State
11.3.2.4 Impacts
11.3.2.5 Responses
11.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Visual Dimensions of Conservation Landscapes: An Exploration of Patagonian Fjordic Landscapes from the Perspective of Prospective Chilean Tourists
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Theoretical Framework
12.2.1 Landscape from the Observer’s Perspective
12.2.2 Natural Landscapes
12.2.3 Chilean Legislation and Environmental Awareness
12.2.4 Evaluating Perceptions of Landscape Naturalness
12.3 Materials and Methods
12.3.1 Study Area
12.3.2 Product Concept Testing
12.3.3 Survey Procedures
12.3.4 Questionnaire Design
12.3.5 Statistical Analysis
12.4 Results
12.4.1 Study Sample
12.4.2 Responses to Current Nature-Based Tourism Experience Positioning with and without the Presence of Aquaculture Infrastructure
12.4.3 Comparative Analysis Between Tourism Experience Alternatives with and without the Presence of Visible Aquaculture Infrastructure
12.4.4 The Effect of Socio-demographic Characteristic Variables on Experience Attribute Ratings with and without the Presence of Visible Aquaculture Infrastructure
12.5 Discussion
12.5.1 Understanding the Potential for Current Tourism Experience Positioning with Prospective Chilean Tourists
12.5.2 Comparative Analysis Between Tourism Experience Alternatives with and without the Presence of Visible Aquaculture Infrastructure
12.5.3 Determination of the Effect of Socio-demographic Characteristic Variables on the Product Alternatives with and without the Presence of Visible Aquaculture Infrastructure
12.6 Conclusions
References
Part III: Building Resilience and Sustainability
Chapter 13: Employing Local Tourism Councils to Improve Protected Area Tourism Development and Governance in the Aysén Region of Chile
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Project Phases
13.2.1 Phase 1: Participatory Governance Best Practices
13.2.2 Phase 2: Analysis of the Governance Process in the Region of Aysén
13.2.3 Phase 3: Participatory Governance Model Proposal
13.2.4 Phase 4: Pilot Participatory Governance Model Implementation Approach
13.3 Lessons Learned
13.3.1 Lesson 1: Shared Commitment to Collaborative Governance
13.3.2 Lesson 2: Obtaining Legal Status for the Local Tourism Council
13.3.3 Lesson 3: Structure of the Organization
13.3.4 Lesson 4: Collaboration with Other Civil Society Actors
13.3.5 Lesson 5: The Importance of Grassroots Support
13.4 Closing Reflections
References
Chapter 14: Key Resilience Factors in Four Patagonia Nature-Based Tourism Destinations in the Aysén Region of Chile
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Theoretical Framework
14.2.1 Resilience Factors
14.2.2 Risks and Tourism
14.3 Materials and Methods
14.3.1 Study Area
14.3.2 Evaluation Procedures for Resilience Factors and Risk
14.3.3 Analysis
14.4 Results
14.4.1 Resilience Factors and Indicators
14.4.2 Risk Analysis Results
14.5 Discussion
14.5.1 Integrating Resilience Factors with Territorial Risks
14.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Evaluating Scientific Tourism Potential for Nature-Based Destinations: Expert Validation and Field Testing of Criteria and Indicators in the Aysén Región of Chilean Patagonia
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Theoretical Framework
15.3 Methods
15.3.1 Scientific Tourism Context: The Aysén Region of Chilean Patagonia
15.3.2 Participant Survey Interviews
15.3.3 Participant Survey Components
15.3.4 Participant Survey Data Analyses
15.3.5 Application of the Criteria Within the Aysén Region
15.4 Results
15.4.1 Criteria for Scientific Tourism
15.4.2 Defining the Four Criteria for the Evaluation of ST Potential
15.4.3 Assessing the Potential for Scientific Tourism Within the Aysén Region of Chile
15.4.4 Scientific Potential of the Aysén Region
15.4.5 Scientific Tourism Support Services Offering in the Aysén Region
15.4.6 Scientific Tourism Stakeholder Articulation in the Aysén Region
15.4.7 Current Scientific Tourism Demand Within the Aysén Region
15.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16: Contributions of Nature Bathing to Resilience and Sustainability
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Theoretical Constructs
16.2.1 Health Benefits of Time in Nature/Relationships with Nature
16.2.2 Shinrin Yoku
16.2.3 Grounding
16.2.4 Relation of Shinrin Yoku and Grounding, to Chilean Culture and Traditions
16.3 Applying Theoretical Constructs in Chile
16.3.1 Implementation of CONAF Nature Bathing in Chilean Protected Areas
16.3.2 Components of CONAF Nature Bathing Programs Within Chile’s Protected Areas
16.3.3 Expanding the Benefits of Nature Bathing in Chilean PAs, Through Wellness Tourism
16.4 Future Implications and Needs
References
Untitled
Chapter 17: (Re)Imagining the Relationship Between Society and Nature in Northern Chilean Patagonia: Encounters and (Mis)Encounters with the Modern World
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Spaces of Opposition in Northern Chilean Patagonia
17.2 Theoretical Framework
17.2.1 The Depth of the Current Crisis and the Limits of Institutionalized Efforts
17.2.2 Beyond Sustainability
17.3 Case Study Methods
17.4 Results
17.4.1 The Community for Life Neo-Shamanic Community
17.4.2 The Waldorf-Pucón Education Community
17.4.3 The Permaculture Movement in the Pucón Commune of Norpatagonia
17.5 Discussion and Conclusions
17.5.1 Possibilities and Limits of Social Transformation
17.5.2 Rethinking Our Relationship with the World
References
Chapter 18: Catalyzing Holistic Conservation-Based Development Through Ethical Travel Experiences Rooted in the Bioculture of Patagonia’s Subantarctic Natural Laboratories
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Biocultural Homogenization
18.1.2 Conservation-Based Development
18.2 Methods
18.3 Results: Components of a Biocultural Conservation-Based Development System for Patagonia
18.3.1 Subantarctic Natural Laboratories: Fostering Transdisciplinary Research and Stewardship in Patagonia
18.3.1.1 Locally Led Conceptualization and Implementation of Subantarctic Natural Laboratories
18.3.1.2 Geobibliographic Characterization of the Subantarctic San Rafael Lagoon Natural Laboratory Pilot Area
18.3.1.3 Geobibliographic Characterization of the Cape Horn Subantarctic Natural Laboratory Pilot Area
18.3.2 Tools for Rebuilding Connections: The Habits, Co-inHabitants, Habitats (3-Hs) Biocultural Ethic and the Field Environmental Philosophy Cycle
18.3.3 Collaborative Learning Networks: Scientific Tourism Research and Development in Aysén
18.4 Discussion
18.4.1 Considerations for Transferability of the FEP Cycle Approach and Scientific Tourism Learning Networks
18.4.2 Implications of the Geobibliometric Analysis of the Science Occurring in Pilot Subantarctic Natural Laboratories
18.5 Conclusions
References
Correction to: Tourism and Conservation-based Development in the Periphery: Lessons from Patagonia for a Rapidly Changing World
Correction to: T. Gale-Detrich et al. (eds.), Tourism and Conservation-based Development in the Periphery, Natural and Social Sciences of Patagonia, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38048-8
Index