Topology Control in Wireless Sensor Networks: with a companion simulation tool for teaching and research

✍ Scribed by Miguel A. Labrador, Pedro M. Wightman

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2009
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 210
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The eld of wireless sensor networks continues to evolve and grow in both practical and research domains. More and more wireless sensor networks are being used to gather information in real life applications. It is common to see how this technology is being applied in irrigation systems, intelligent buildings, bridges, security mec- nisms,militaryoperations,transportation-relatedapplications,etc.Atthesametime, new developments in hardware, software, and communication technologies are - panding these possibilities. As in any other technology, research brings new dev- opments and re nements and continuous improvements of current approaches that push the technology even further. Looking toward the future, the technology seems even more promising in two directions. First, a few years from now more powerful wireless sensor devices will be available, and wireless sensor networks will have applicability in an endless number of scenarios, as they will be able to handle traf c loads not possible today, make more computations, store more data, and live longer because of better energy sources. Second,a few years from now, the opposite scenario might also be possible. The availability of very constrained, nanotechnology-made wireless sensor devices will bring a whole new world of applications, as they will be able to operate in - vironments and places unimaginable today. These two scenarios, at the same time, will both bring new research challenges that are always welcome to researchers.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Book Origin and Overview
Intended Audience
Resources
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Contents
Part I Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks and Topology Control
Wireless Sensor Networks
Introduction
Node and Network Architectures
Wireless Sensor Device Architecture
Network Architectures
Application Domains and Examples
Challenges and the Need for Energy Saving Mechanisms
The Physical Layer
Introduction
Wireless Propagation Models
The Free Space Propagation Model
The Two-Ray Ground Model
The Log-Distance Path Model
Energy Dissipation Model
Error Models
The Independent Error Model
The Two-State Markov Error Model
Sensing Models
The Binary Sensing Model
The Probabilistic Sensing Model
The Data Link Layer
Introduction
The Medium Access Control Sub-layer
Common MAC Protocols
MAC Protocols for WSNs
The Logical Link Control Sub-layer
Error Control
Performance Analysis of LLC Protocols
Energy Analysis of LLC Protocols
The Network Layer
Introduction
Routing Protocols for WSNs
Topology Aware Routing Protocols
Topology Unaware Routing Protocols
The Transport Layer
Introduction
Transport Layer Functions
Wireless Sensor Network Applications
Single Packet-Low Reliability Applications
Single Packet-High Reliability Applications
Multiple Packet-Low Reliability Applications
Multiple Packet-High Reliability Applications
Congestion Control in Wireless Sensor Networks
The Use of TCP and UDP in Wireless Sensor Networks
Topology Control
Introduction
Motivations for Topology Control
Energy Conservation
Collision Avoidance
Increased Network Capacity
Challenges in Topology Control
Design Guidelines
Definition of Topology Control
Topology Control and the Communications Protocol Stack
Topology Control Taxonomy and Road Map
Part II Topology Construction
Controlling the Transmission Power
Introduction
Centralized Topology Construction: The Critical Transmission Range (CTR) Problem
Centralized Topology Construction: The Range Assignment (RA) Problem
Algorithms from Computational Geometry
Distributed Topology Construction for Homogeneous Networks
Location-Based Techniques
Direction-Based Techniques
Neighbor-Based Techniques
Routing-Based Techniques
Heterogeneous Topology Construction
Building Hierarchical Topologies
Introduction
Backbone-Based Techniques
Growing a Tree
Connecting Independent Sets
Pruning-Based Techniques
Cluster-Based Techniques
Adaptive Techniques
Hybrid Approaches
Introduction
Hybrid Techniques
Part III Topology Maintenance
Introduction
Introduction
Definition of Topology Maintenance
When Are the Reduced Topologies Built?
Scope of Topology Maintenance
Triggering Criteria
Design Issues
Synchronizing Radios
Performance Evaluation
Topology Maintenance Static Techniques
Introduction
Performance Evaluation of Static Global Topology Maintenance Techniques
Sparse Networks
Dense Networks
Other Static Techniques
Topology Maintenance Dynamic Techniques
Introduction
Performance Evaluation of Dynamic Global Topology Maintenance Techniques
Sparse Networks
Dense Networks
Other Dynamic Global Techniques
Performance Evaluation of Dynamic Local Topology Maintenance Techniques
Sparse Networks
Dense Networks
Other Dynamic Local Technique
Topology Maintenance Hybrid Techniques
Introduction
Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Global Topology Maintenance Technique
Sparse Networks
Dense Networks
Comparison of Topology Maintenance Techniques
Sensitivity Analysis
Time-Based Analysis
Energy-Based Analysis
Density-Based Analysis
The Atarraya Simulator
Introduction
Description of Atarraya's Internal Structure
Abstract Design and Functional Components
The Main Simulator Thread - The the_sim Class
The Protocol Manager - The NodeHandler Class
The Multiple Operation Thread - The BatchExecutor Class
The Display Manager - The newpanel Class
Atarraya's Class Tree
The Atarraya Package
The Atarraya.element Package
The Atarraya.event Package
Protocol Structure and Design - The EventHandler Class
Simulation Events
Sending Messages
Receiving Messages
Programming a Timeout
Invalidating a Programmed Event
State Labels
Communication with the atarraya_frame Class
Interaction with Other Protocols
Initialization of Nodes and the Initial Events - The init_nodes and the initial_event Methods
The HandleEvent Method
SimpleTree: An Example of a Topology Construction Protocol
How to Use Atarraya
Selection of the Protocols
Other Protocols
Energy and Communications Model
Type of Experiments
Structure of a Topology
Structure of the Nodes
Simulation Results
Future of Atarraya
References
Index