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Tokenism in policing: An empirical test of Kanter's hypothesis

✍ Scribed by Joseph L. Gustafson

Publisher: Elsevier Science
Year: 2008
Tongue: English
Weight: 304 KB
Volume: 36
Category: Article
ISSN: 0047-2352
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.12.001

No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.

✦ Synopsis

This study presented the first quantitative test of tokenism theory (Kanter, 1977) in a municipal policing context with data collected from a large sample of Baltimore police officers (Gershon, 1999). In bivariate and multivariate analyses, the effects of gender and race status and their interaction on three dependent variables capturing the central dynamics of tokenism (visibility/performance pressure, contrast/social isolation, and assimilation/role encapsulation) were explored. The study found weak to moderate support for the theory, but no evidence of a distinct "double token" interaction effect between race and gender statuses. By and large, race status alone predicted the greatest tokenism consequences. Limitations and future directions for tokenism research in policing are discussed.

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