Titanium Carbide MXenes: Synthesis, Characterization, Energy, and Environmental Applications

✍ Scribed by Tahir M. (ed.)

• Publisher: Wiley-VCH
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 255
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Discover the future of solar energy with this introduction to an essential new family of materials.
MXenes are a recently-discovered family of two-dimensional organic compounds formed from transition metal carbides. Their unique properties, such as high stability and electron conductivity, have made them a sought-after commodity with many industrial applications in cutting-edge industries. In particular, titanium carbide MXenes look poised to have significant applications in the solar energy industry, with potentially revolutionary consequences for the sustainable energy future.
Titanium Carbide MXenes offers a thorough and accessible introduction to this family of compounds and their possible applications. It begins by surveying the fundamentals of the MXene groups, before characterizing titanium carbide MXenes and their processes of synthesis. It then moves on to discuss applications, current and future. The result is a must-read for researchers and professionals looking to synthesize and construct these materials and apply them in sustainable industry.
Titanium Carbide MXenes readers will also find:
Detailed treatment of MXenes including nitrides composites, perovskites composites, and more.
Discusses applications in photocatalytic CO2 reduction, hydrogen production, water splitting, and more.
Roughly 100 figures illustrating key concepts.
Titanium Carbide MXenes is a must-have for materials scientists, catalytic chemists, and scientists in industry.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Titanium Carbide MXenes: Synthesis, Characterization, Energy, and Environmental Applications
Copyright
Contents
Preface
1. Introduction to Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2) MXenes for Energy and Environmental Applications
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Layout of the Book
Acknowledgment
References
2. Fundamentals, Properties, and Characteristics of Titanium Carbides MXenes (Ti3C2Tx)
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fundamentals of MXene
2.2.1 Structural Overview of MXene
2.2.2 MXene–Semiconductor Interface Junction
2.2.3 Opto‐electronic Properties of MXene
2.2.4 Electrical Properties of MXene
2.3 Photocatalytic Attributes of MXene
2.3.1 Ti3C2Tx MXene Functionalization
2.3.2 Intrinsic 2D Accordion‐like Nanosheets
2.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
3. Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2) MXenes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Different Synthesis Techniques of MXene
3.2.1 HF Etching
3.2.2 Acid‐Containing Fluoride Ions
3.2.3 Electrochemical Etching
3.2.4 Alkali Etching
3.2.5 Water‐Free Etching
3.2.6 Molten‐Salt Substitution
3.3 Characterization of MXenes
3.3.1 X‐Ray Diffractions (XRD)
3.3.2 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
3.3.3 UV–Visible Spectroscopy
3.3.4 Photocurrent Analysis
3.4 X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
3.5 Raman Spectroscopy and Photoluminescence (PL)
3.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
4. Synthesis and Characterization of TiC MXene-Based Composites for Energy Storage and Conversion
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Synthesis of TiC‐Based Composites
4.2.1 Synthesis and Processing of TiO2/Ti3C2 MXene Composite
4.2.2 Synthesis of TiC/g‐C3N4 Composite
4.2.3 General Synthesis and Processing of LDH/TiC MXene Composites
4.2.4 Synthesis of Ti3C2 MXene‐Based Perovskite Composites
4.2.5 Synthesis of MXene‐Based MOF Composite
4.3 Characterization of Ti3C2‐Based Composites
4.3.1 Characterization of TiO2/TiC MXene
4.3.2 Characterization of g‐C3N4/TiC MXene
4.3.3 Characterization of LDH/TiC MXene Composites
4.3.4 Characterization of Ti3C2 MXene‐Based Perovskite Composites
4.3.5 Characterization of MOF‐Based TiC MXene Nanocomposite
4.4 Conclusion
References
5. Titanium Carbide (TiC) MXene-Based Titanium Dioxide Composites for Energy and Environment Applications
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Recent Developments in TiC‐Based TiO2Composites
5.2.1 General Overview
5.2.2 Synthesis of MXenes
5.2.2.1 Direct HF Etching
5.2.2.2 In Situ HF Etching
5.2.2.3 Alkali Etching
5.2.2.4 Halogen Etching
5.2.2.5 Molten SaltEtching
5.2.2.6 Electrochemical Etching
5.2.3 Role of MXenes in Enhancing TiO2 Photocatalytic Performance
5.2.3.1 Formation of Schottky Heterojunctions
5.2.3.2 Enhancing Light Harvesting
5.2.3.3 Enhancing Reactant Adsorption
5.3 TiC‐Based TiO2 Composite for CO2 Reduction
5.4 TiC‐Based TiO2 Composite for Hydrogen Production
5.5 TiC‐Based TiO2 Composite for Degradation
Acknowledgment
References
6. Titanium Carbide (TiC) MXene-based Graphitic Carbon Nitride Composites for Energy and Environment Applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Principle of Photocatalysis for Using MXene/g‐C3N4 Composites
6.3 Applications of TiC MXene‐based Carbon Nitride for H2 Evolution
6.3.1 TiC/g‐C3N4 Composites
6.3.2 TiC/Sensitizer/g‐C3N4 Composite
6.3.3 TiC/Semiconductor/g‐C3N4 Composite
6.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
7. Titanium Carbide MXene-Based MOF Composites for Energy and Environment Applications
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Overview of MXenes and MOFs for Photocatalytic Applications
7.2.1 Overview of MXenes
7.2.2 Overview of MOF
7.2.3 Structure and Properties of MXenes
7.2.4 Structure and Properties of MOFs
7.2.5 Photocatalytic Mechanism
7.3 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
7.3.1 TiC Supported Nanohybrids
7.3.2 TiC Supported Nanocomposites
7.4 Photocatalytic Degradation Application
7.5 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Application
7.6 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgment
References
8. Titanium Carbide (TiC) MXene-Based Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) Composites for Energy and Environment Applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basic Principles of Energy Storage and Conversion
8.2.1 Principle of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion System
8.2.1.1 Supercapacitors
8.2.1.2 Batteries
8.2.1.3 Fuel Cells
8.2.2 Working Principle of Photochemical Processes
8.3 Properties of TiC MXene
8.3.1 Structural Properties
8.3.2 Optical Properties
8.4 Properties of LDH
8.4.1 Structural Properties
8.4.2 Optical Properties
8.5 Structural and Optical Properties of LDH/TiC MXene
8.5.1 Structural Properties
8.5.2 Optical Properties
8.6 LDH‐Based TiCMXene Composite Applications
8.6.1 Electrochemical Energy Storage Application
8.6.2 Ni‐Based LDH/TiC Composite
8.6.3 Co‐Based LDH TiC Composite
8.7 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Application
8.7.1 Ni‐Based LDH/TiC Composite
8.7.2 Co‐Based TiC Composite
8.8 Photocatalytic Degradation Application
8.9 Conclusions and Future Recommendations
Acknowledgment
References
9. Titanium Carbide MXene-Based Perovskites Composites for Energy and Environment Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Properties and Application of Perovskite
9.3 Principle of Photocatalysis Using MXene/Perovskite Composite
9.4 Applications of TiC MXene‐Based Perovskite Composite for CO2 Reduction
9.5 Applications of TiC MXene‐Based Perovskite Composite for Degradation
9.6 Prospects and Challenges
9.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
10. Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2) Based MXenes for Energy Storage Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Requirements for Energy Storage
10.3 Classification of MXenes
10.3.1 Mono Transition‐Metal MXenes
10.3.2 Double Transition n‐metal (DTM) MXenes
10.3.2.1 Solid‐solution MXenes
10.3.2.2 Ordered DTMs MXenes
10.4 Synthesis of Titanium and Vanadium Carbide MXenes
10.4.1 Synthesis and delamination of Ti3C2Tx
10.4.1.1 Synthesis of Ti3C2Tx
10.4.1.2 Delamination of the Multi‐layered Ti3C2Tx (ml‐Ti3C2Tx)
10.4.2 Synthesis and Delamination of V2CTx
10.4.2.1 Synthesis of V2CTx
10.4.2.2 Delamination of V2CTx
10.5 Typical Characterization of MXenes
10.5.1 X‐ray Diffraction
10.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)/Energy‐Dispersive X‐ray Spectroscopy (EDS)
10.5.3 Raman Spectroscopy
10.5.4 X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
10.5.5 Other Characterization Techniques
10.6 Electrochemical Energy Storage (EES) Devices
10.6.1 MXene for Energy Storage
10.6.2 Batteries
10.6.2.1 Lithium‐Ion Batteries (LIBs)
10.6.2.2 Other Batteries
10.6.2.3 Application of MXenes as Electrode in Batteries
10.6.3 Supercapacitors (SCs)
10.6.3.1 Electrical Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC)
10.6.3.2 Pseudo‐capacitor
10.6.3.3 Hybrid Supercapacitor (HSC)
10.6.3.4 Application of MXenes as an Electrode in Supercapacitors
10.7 Thermodynamic and Cycle Stability of MXenes
10.7.1 Thermodynamic Stability of MXenes
10.7.2 Cycle Stability of MXenes
10.8 Future Recommendations
10.9 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Index