THINK Race and Ethnicity

✍ Scribed by Mona Scott

• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 359
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contenets
Acknowledgments
About the Author
01 AN INTRODUCTION TO RACE AND ETHNICITY
Get the Topic:How Was the Concept of Race Constructed?
Origins of the Concept of Race
Categorizing the Five Groups of Human Beings
First Use of the Term “Race”
The Role of Colonialism in Perpetuating the Construct of Race
Go Global: Thomas Jefferson’s Role in Supporting the Construct of Race
The Difference between Race and Ethnicity
Historical Underpinnings of Race
Scientific Racism
Eugenics
Legitimizing the Construct of Race through Laws
Legitimizing Race and Racism through Segregation
Intersections: Structural Racism
Race and the U.S. Census
Why Race Matters
Think Race and Ethnicity: How Do Sociologists View the Divisions Created by Race?
Classical Sociological Theories
Functionalist Theory
Symbolic-Interactionist Theory
Conflict Theory
Critical Theory, Critical Race Feminism, and Social Construction Theory
Case Study: Irish Assimilation into White American Society
Wrap Your Mind around the Theory: Why Are There Significant Inequalities in Employment Based on Race?
Discover Race and Ethnicity in Action: What Are the Social and Political Effects of Racial Categories in the United States Today?
Sphere of Influence:Volunteering at a Community Center
02 SOCIAL INEQUALITY: PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION
Get the Topic: What Is Prejudice and Discrimination, What Are the Causes, and How Have They Been Fought?
Prejudice
Forms of Prejudice
Causes of Prejudice
Measures of Prejudice
Go Global: Prejudice Against Indigenous Australians
Reducing Prejudice
Discrimination
Micro Discrimination
Macro Discrimination
Intersections:Wearing the Hijab in France Is Restricted
Hate Groups
Resisting Prejudice and Discrimination
Black Civil Rights Movement
Chicano Civil Rights Movement
Really, I Mean Really: Hip-Hop: Not so Dangerous Anymore?
Red Power Movement
Yellow Power Movement
Think Race and Ethnicity: How Do Sociologists View Discrimination Based upon Race and Ethnicity?
Critical Race Theory
Functionalist Theory
Conflict Theory
Case Study: Mexican Americans and Chicanos
Wrap Your Mind around the Theory: What Is the Root Cause of Racism and Discrimination?
Discover Race and Ethnicity in Action:How Do Organizations Address Institutional Discrimination?
Sphere of Influence: Getting Involved with Anti-Discrimination Activism
03 DOMINANT IDEOLOGIES, OPPRESSION, AND INEQUALITIES
Get the Topic: What Are Dominant Ideologies?
The Formation of an Ideology
Stereotypes
Go Global: Apartheid in South Africa
Controlling Images
Intersections: Native American Women and Sexual Assault
Really, I Mean Really: Sentencing Differences for Cocaine
What Is Oppression?
The Leap from Ideology to Oppression
The Components of Oppression
Oppression as Power
Systems of Oppression
Structural Inequality
Think Race and Ethnicity: How Do Sociologists View Oppression and Inequality?
Functionalist Theory
Conflict Theory
Critical Race Theory
Case Study: Oppression of Japanese Americans in the United States
Wrap Your Mind around the Theory: Why Are Non-Whites Stereotyped in the United States?
Discover Race and Ethnicity in Action: How Are Groups Like the Poor Stereotyped?
Sphere of Influence: Change of Setting, Change of Perspective
04 PRIVILEGE AND WHITE SUPREMACY
Get the Topic: What is White Privilege and Where Does it Come From?
Privilege
Characteristics of White Privilege
Invisibility
Development of White Privilege
Perpetuation of White Privilege
Go Global: Questioning Euro-American Values
White Supremacy
Intersections:Women of the Ku Klux Klan
Really, I Mean Really: Society’s Perception of Black Men and the Influence of White Supremacy
Think Race and Ethnicity: How Do Sociologists View White Privilege and White Supremacy?
Functionalist Theory
Conflict Theory
Critical Race Theory
Case Study: Native Americans: An American Holocaust
Wrap Your Mind around the Theory: What Leads Various Groups to Commit Hate Crimes?
Discover Race and Ethnicity in Action: Why Is It Important to Understand Political Extremism and Hate Groups?
Sphere of Influence: Experiencing White Privilege Firsthand
05 INTERNALIZED OPPRESSION
Get the Topic: What Is Internalized Oppression?
Internalized Oppression
Clark’s Doll Study
Patterns of Internalized/Appropriated Oppression
Effects of Internalized Oppression on Non-Whites
Mental and Emotional Effects
Inner Effects
Examples of Internalized Oppression
Manifestation of Internalized Racism: Interpersonal Effects
Internalized White Supremacy’s Effect on Whites
Intersections: Gendered Racism and Asian Men
Origin of “Whiteness”
Negative Consequences of Internalized White Supremacy
Implicit Bias, Subconscious Bias
Really, I Mean Really: Internalized White Supremacy at Colleges and Universities
Psychological Wage of Whiteness
Fear and Guilt
Resisting Internalized Racism
White and Non-Whites: Education
Non-Whites: Maintain a Sanctuary
Whites: Get Angry
Whites and Non-Whites: Healing
Go Global: Negritude
Non-Whites: Cultural Nationalism and Politicization
Think Race and Ethnicity: What Are the Theories behind Internalized Oppression?
Functionalist Theory
Conflict Theory
Critical Race Theory
Case Study: Puerto Ricans and Racial Identity
Wrap Your Mind around the Theory: Does Internalized Racism Affect Lawmakers and Law Enforcers?
Discover Race and Ethnicity in Action: How Do Organizations Address Institutional Discriminations and Practices?
Sphere of Influence: Attending a Dismantling Racism Workshop
06 EDUCATION
Get the Topic: How Does Racial Group Membership Impact American Educational Experiences?
History of Educational Segregation
Intersections: Number of Black Men in College Is Decreasing
Achievement Gaps
Institutional Discrimination
Why School Segregation Matters
De Facto Resegregation
Really, I Mean Really: Native Americans and Harvard, Together at—First?
Curriculum and Performance
Culture and Identity
Teachers’ Expectations
No Child Left Behind
Dropping Out
Acculturation
Assimilation and Americanization
Go Global: Indigenous Peoples, Boarding Schools, and Racism
Bilingual Education
Tracking and Education Attainment
History of Tracking
Tracking Today
Postsecondary Education
How Can Education Become Equal?
Culturally Appropriate Learning Environments and Perspectives
The Puente Project
USC Neighborhood Academic Initiative
Historically Black Colleges and Universities
Advances at Tribal Schools
Go to the Source: Students
Think Race and Ethnicity: How Do Sociologists View Education?
Functionalist Theory
Conflict Theory
Critical Race Theory
Case Study: The Asian Indian and Asian Indian American Experience
Wrap Your Mind around the Theory: Why Are There Achievement Gaps in Education?
Discover Race and Ethnicity in Action: How Is Discrimination Institutionalized in Education?
Sphere of Influence: A Different Kind of Education
07 MEDIA
Get the Topic: How Is the Media Used to Shape Ideas About Racial Groups?
The Media
The News Media
Historical Patterns of Non-Whites in the Media
Native Americans
Mexicans, Mexican Americans, and Latinos
Asians and Asian Americans
African Americans
Impact of Social Representations on Society
Effects on Native American Youth
Effects on Latino Adolescents
Intersections: Intersections of Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Media
Effects on African American Adolescents
Effects on Italian Americans
Islamophobia and Anti-Arab Sentiment
Media Images Affect Health
Segregation and Racism in the Media
Prime-Time Television
Whiteness in Television Commercials
Race in the Movies
Go Global: Chinese Perceptions of African American Stereotypes
Really, I Mean Really: A “Good” Person of Color
Positive Representations of Racial Groups in Film
Think Race and Ethnicity: What Are the Perspectives Surrounding Race and the Media?
Functionalist Theory
Conflict Theory
Critical Race Theory
Case Study: Jews and Hollywood
Wrap Your Mind around the Theory: Why Do Indian Mascots Exist?
Discover Race and Ethnicity in Action: How Does the Media Influence Society?
Sphere of Influence: Racial Makeup of Prime-Time Television Shows
08 RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION
Get the Topic: What Is Residential Segregation?
Residential Segregation
Reconstituting Borders and Boundaries
Structural Discrimination—The Role of Government in Racial Housing Segregation
The Homestead Act of 1862 and the Southern Homestead Act of 1866
Racial Discrimination in Government Policies and Programs
Exclusionary Discrimination
Restrictive Covenants
Patterns and Perpetrators
How Racial Segregation Maintains Racial Inequality
Factors That Influence the Distribution of Groups
Go Global: Slums and Shantytowns: Housing Problems or Housing Solutions?
Consequences of Residential Segregation
Education
Safety
Feeling Out of Place
Physical Health
Intersections: Myth of the Ghetto Welfare Queen
Status, Power, and Gatekeeping—Private Acts of Discrimination
Recommendations for Dismantling Racial Residential Segregation
Think Race and Ethnicity: How Do Sociologists View Residential Segregation?
Functionalist Theory
Conflict Theory
Critical Race Theory
Case Study: African Americans and the Formation of the Black Ghetto
Wrap Your Mind around the Theory: Why Does Residential Segregation Exist?
Discover Race and Ethnicity in Action: Why Does Racial Segregation Exist?
Sphere of Influence:Work Study in the Financial Aid Office
09 ECONOMIC INEQUALITY
Get the Topic: What Is Economic Inequality?
Economic Inequality
Wealth, Income, and Cultural Capital
Discrimination and Labor Market Inequality
Go Global:The World’s Wealthiest People
Socioeconomic Status (SES) and Transformative Assets
Really, I Mean Really: Why Do Americans Vote Against Estate Taxes When They Aren’t Wealthy?
Intersections: Mexican Maquiladoras and Murder
Economic Implications of New Immigrants
Consequences of Economic Inequality
Wealth Distribution and the Gini Coefficient
Think Race and Ethnicity: What Are the Theories behind Economic Inequality?
Functionalist Theory
Culture of Poverty
Davis-Moore Thesis
Conflict Theory
Marxist Theory of Discrimination
Critical Race Theory
Sedimentation
Case Study: Vietnamese Americans and SES in the United States
Wrap Your Mind around the Theory: Is Capitalism Beneficial for Society?
Discover Race and Ethnicity in Action: Why Does Economic Inequality Persist in Wealthy Nations like the United States?
Sphere of Influence: The Cost of Healthy Food
10 HEALTH INEQUALITY
Get the Topic: What Is Health Inequality?
Factors That Affect Health
Elements of the United States Health Care System
Racial and Ethnic Disparities
Wealth, Poverty, and the Health Gap
Geography, Place Matters
Cultural Competence
Environment
Social Group Health Inequalities
Inequalities in the Latino Community
Inequalities in the African American Community
Inequalities in Native American Community
Intersections: Black Women’s Health Study
Inequalities in Asian and Pacific Islander Community
Remedying Health Inequities through Policy
Go Global: Race and Inequality in Mexico’s Indigenous Women
Think Race and Ethnicity: How Do Sociologists Explain Health Inequality?
Functionalist Theory
Conflict Theory
Critical Race Theory
Case Study: Laotian Americans and Elevated Cancer Risks
Wrap Your Mind around the Theory: How Does Stratification Impact Health?
Discover Race and Ethnicity in Action: Why Does Health Inequality Persist in a Wealthy Nation like the United States?
Sphere of Influence: Bedside Bias
11 THE LAW
Get the Topic: How Are the Law and Society Connected?
The Usefulness of Law
Law as Social Control
Law as Deterrence
Law as Conflict Resolution
Law as Punishment and Remedy
Law as Promoting Social Change
Law as Public Policy
Players in the Law
Legislators: The Lawmakers
Police Officers: The Law Enforcers
Judges and Lawyers: The Law Interpreters
Intersections: Race and Gender on the Supreme Court: The Appointment of Justice Sonia Sotomayor and the Controversy of the “Wise Latina”
Correctional Officers: The Law Sanctioners
The Relationship Between the Law and Social Groups
Social Class and Its Relationship to Law
Race and Its Relationship to Law
Racial Restrictions in the Law of Citizenship
Go Global: The Global Prison-Industrial Complex
Inequality in Incarceration
Age, Gender, and Police Interactions
Really, I Mean Really: Drug Laws: Crack vs. Cocaine Is a Black and White Issue
Hate Crimes
Think Race and Ethnicity: What Are the Theories Behind the Law?
Functionalist Theory
Conflict Theory
Critical Legal Studies
Case Study: The Exclusion of Chinese from Immigration to the United States
Wrap Your Mind around the Theory: How Does the Law Contribute to Inequality?
Discover Race and Ethnicity in Action: Why Do People Follow Laws?
Sphere of Influence: Misconceptions about Jail
12 LAND AND PROPERTY
Get the Topic: How Has the Struggle Over Land and Property Shaped Race Relations in the United States?
Discovery and Dispossession
Johnson v. M’Intosh
Federal Policies
Indian-White Tension
Really, I Mean Really: Who Really “Discovered” America?
Land Discrimination
Mexican American and African American Farmers
Asian Immigrants in California
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The Meaning of Land
Go Global: Israeli-Palestinian Land Dispute
Property Ownership Challenged
Racism and the Geography of American Life
Color and Toxicity
Constructed Land and Property Inequality
Intersections: Land Rights of Florida Wives
Think Race and Ethnicity: What Are the Theories About Land and Property Ownership?
Functionalist Theory
Conflict Theory
Critical Race Theory
Case Study: Indigenous Hawaiian Land Loss
Wrap Your Mind around the Theory: Why Do Property Ownership Rights Matter?
Discover Race and Ethnicity in Action: What Are the Current Debates Involving Landownership?
Spheres of Influence: Assimilation into American Life
13 IMMIGRATION AND CITIZENSHIP
Get the Topic: What Is Immigration and Citizenship?
Immigration and Citizenship
Early European Immigrants
The Newest Immigrants
Really, I Mean Really: Anti-Mexican Sentiment Then and Now
Effects of the Newest Immigrants
The Relationship between Immigrant Status, Citizenship, and Race
Restrictions on Immigration and Citizenship
Go Global: The American Nightmare: Jamaican Immigrants
Contemporary Social Problems of Immigration
Intersections: Race, Class, and Gender Factors in the Exploitation of Transitional Workers
Think Race and Ethnicity: What Are the Theories Surrounding Citizenship?
Functionalist Theory
Conflict Theory
Critical Race Theory
Case Study: Salvadorans
Wrap Your Mind around the Theory: How Do Current Theories View Immigration in the United States?
Discover Race and Ethnicity in Action:What Can We Learn From the History of Immigration Policy?
Sphere of Influence: A Personal Look at Undocumented Immigration
14 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Get the Topic: What Is Social Development and Racial Justice?
Achieving Social Well-Being and Racial Justice
Social Development as Economic Development
Noneconomic Factors of Social Development as a Social System
Six Aspects of Social Development
Race, Wealth, and Social Development
Asset-Building Strategies for Low-Income Groups
The History of Race, Education, and Social Policy
Really, I Mean Really: Ideologies Versus Evidence
The Current State of Race and Education Inequality
Go Global: From Degradation to Empowerment: Native Americans, Education, and Social Development
Social Policies toward Healthier Communities
Intersections: Filipina Cultural Livelihood
Think Race and Ethnicity: What Are the Theories Surrounding Social Development?
Functionalist Theory
Conflict Theory
Critical Race Theory
Case Study: Origin of the Dominican Republic and Health Management of HIV/AIDS Treatment
Wrap Your Mind around the Theory: Why Is Education an Important Focus for Achieving the Well-Being of a Society and Its Citizens?
Discover Race and Ethnicity in Action: Why Is Education an Important Focus for Social Development?
Sphere of Influence: Speaking to an Enrollment Counselor
15 UNDOING RACISM
Get the Topic: What Is Undoing Racism?
A Matter of Social Justice
Undoing Racism at the Foundation of Society
Undoing Racism in Education
Defining Antiracist Education
Rethinking Diversity
Go Global: South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission
A New Concept of Diversity
Undoing Racism in Communities
Renewing the American Spirit
Intersections: Activist Mothering in Low-Income Urban Neighborhoods
The Power of Participatory Decision Making
Undoing Racism at the Personal Level
Matthew Desmond and the Mustafa Emirbayer’s Four Levels of Change
Charles Gallagher’s 10 Simple Things
Beverly Daniel Tatum’s Sphere of Influence
Think Race and Ethnicity: What Are the Theories Behind Social Movements (to Undoing Racism)?
Functionalist Theory
Conflict Theory
Critical Race Theory
Case Study: Fighting for Change in California
Wrap Your Mind around the Theory: Why Does Racism Persist in Society?
Discover Race and Ethnicity in Action: Why Do People Take Action to Undo Racism and Work for Social Justice?
Sphere of Influence: Striving for AWAREness
GLOSSARY
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ENDNOTES
PHOTO CREDITS
INDEX
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