Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Polymers: Thin-film Poly Chara Blends

✍ Scribed by Tai-Shung Chung

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2001
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 358
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Liquid crystal polymers are sometimes called super polymers--with good reason. Their wide range of exceptional properties and ease of processing make them design candidates for many demanding applications. This new book provides a thorough review of LCP technology with the emphasis on the chemistry, synthesis and characterization of the material in its many variants. Additional chapters cover processing and applications. From the Editor's PrefaceThe field of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers has grown substantially in the last two decades, with fundamental research, publications, commercial products, and patents. In the 1980's, Dr. Ralph Miano led my colleagues and me at Hoechst Celanese in commercializing the first thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers, based on Dr. Gordon Calundann's composition patents. Today, more than seven companies have produced thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer materials, with at least 50 variants available. Hence, it is timely to compile a comprehensive review on the nature of this type of material and the ongoing progress in this field…. The goals of this book are to summarize previous work, provide new insights into this class of polymers, and add to the understanding of the formation of liquid crystallinity. This book covers a wide range of topics and addresses different disciplines in the field. The chapters are arranged as a learning scheme for the professional, from basic science to applied engineering. The first few chapters summarize the syntheses of various polyester, polyester-amid, and polyimide liquid crystalline polymers. The science and origins of liquid crystal formation are revealed. Next, we introduce the characterizations of these materials by their different chemical and physical aspects.Because most commercially available thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers have been used in the form of composites, we have also incorporated a chapter on polymer blends, detailing blending mechanisms and resultant properties. Two chapters on thermosetting liquid crystalline polymers integrate them with other topics, because of their unique importance and their applications for microelectronics and packaging. The final chapter deals with the engineering and processing aspects of thermoplastic liquid crystalline polymers for a variety of applications.

✦ Table of Contents

Table of Contents......Page 0
THERMOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMERS......Page 2
Table of Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 8
Acknowledgements......Page 10
List of Contributors......Page 11
1. HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF LIQUID CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS......Page 13
2.1. CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE OF LCs......Page 15
2.2. CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE OF LCPs......Page 17
3.1.2. Schlieren Texture......Page 18
3.1.3. Nematic Droplet......Page 20
3.1.4. Inversion Wall......Page 21
4.1. THEORIES OF NEMATIC LCs......Page 22
4.2. THEORIES OF LCPs......Page 24
5.1. RESEARCH FOCUS OF THERMOTROPIC MAIN-CHAIN LCPs......Page 25
5.2. CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF MAIN-CHAIN LCPs......Page 26
5.4. END-USE PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF MAIN-CHAIN LCPs......Page 28
6. REFERENCES......Page 30
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 32
3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING THIN FILM POLYMERIZATION OF LIQUID CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS......Page 34
3.1. GENERATION OF THE LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASE......Page 35
3.2. ANNIHILATION OF DISCLINATIONS......Page 37
3.2.1. Annihilation Between Two Opposite Disclinations......Page 38
3.2.2. Shrinkage of Loop......Page 41
3.3. FORMATION OF BANDED TEXTURE......Page 42
4.1.2. Effect on the Morphology......Page 43
4.2. EFFECTS OF CATALYST ON THE THIN FILM POLYMERIZATION......Page 44
4.2.1. Effect of Catalyst Content on the Thin Film Polymerization......Page 46
4.2.2. Kinetics Study of Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Polycondensation Reaction......Page 47
5. INVESTIGATION OF THE FORMATION OF LIQUID CRYSTALLINITY......Page 51
5.1. EFFECTS OF MONOMER STRUCTURES ON LIQUID CRYSTALLINITY......Page 52
5.1.1.1. Formation of Liquid Crystallinity during Polycondensation Reactions of ANA and ABA......Page 53
5.1.1.2. Crystallization during Polycondensation Reaction of AAA/IA......Page 55
5.1.2.1. Thin Film Polymerization Reactions of ANA/AAA/IA......Page 56
5.1.2.2. Thin Film Polymerization of ABA/AAA/IA......Page 58
5.2. EFFECTS OF REACTION TEMPERATURE ON THE LIQUID CRYSTALLINITY......Page 59
6.1. INTRODUCTION OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD EFFECTS ON LIQUID CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS......Page 60
6.3.1. Morphology of the LCP Polymerization System Between Conductive Glass Slides......Page 62
6.3.2. Response of the LC Phase under Electric Fields with Different Frequencies......Page 64
7. REFERENCES......Page 65
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 68
2. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION: THEORY......Page 71
2.1. ISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION......Page 72
2.2. NON-ISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION......Page 73
2.3.2. Depolarized Light Intensity......Page 74
3.1. LIQUID CRYSTALLINE POLYIMIDES......Page 75
3.1.1. LC-PEIMs from Structure 1......Page 76
3.1.3. LC-Polyimide from Biphenyl-3,3 ,4,4 -tetracarboxylic Imide......Page 79
3.1.5. LC-Polyimide from PMDA......Page 80
3.2. LC-POLY(AMIDE-IMIDE)......Page 89
3.3.1. Vectra A......Page 90
3.3.2. Vectra B......Page 93
3.3.3. Blends......Page 99
4. REFERENCES......Page 101
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 105
2.1.1. Vectra A950......Page 106
2.1.2. Vectra B950......Page 111
2.1.3. Xydar......Page 113
2.1.4. Zenite......Page 114
2.1.5. X7G......Page 117
2.2.1. Poly(p-oxybenzoyl) [P(pHBA)]......Page 118
2.2.2. LC Polyimide and Polyamides......Page 119
2.2.3. TLCPs with Flexible Units on the Main Chain......Page 121
2.2.4. TLCPs with Substitutes on the Aromatic Ring......Page 122
2.2.5. TLCP Blends......Page 123
2.2.6. Others......Page 124
3.1.1. Ozawa-Flynn Method......Page 126
3.1.2. Kissinger Method......Page 127
3.2.1. Commercially Available and Research-Grade TLCPs......Page 128
3.2.2. Others......Page 131
3.2.3. Mitsui’s Polyimide and Polyamide LCPs......Page 133
4. REFERENCES......Page 135
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 140
2.2. X-RAY SCATTERING FROM A DILUTE SYSTEM OF PARALLEL PACKED HARD RODS......Page 141
2.3. INTERFERENCE AMONG THE RODS......Page 144
3. NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERNS OF SMECTIC SYSTEMS......Page 148
4. MONODOMAIN AND POLYDOMAIN STRUCTURES......Page 152
5. X-RAY SCATTERING FROM UNORIENTED LIQUID CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS, POWDER DIFFRACTION METHOD......Page 153
6. X-RAY SCATTERING FROM ORIENTED LIQUID CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS—FIBER SCATTERING......Page 158
7. SUMMARY......Page 161
8. APPENDIX 1......Page 162
9. APPENDIX 2......Page 164
10. REFERENCES......Page 165
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 166
2.1. CONTACT ANGLE AND THE YOUNG’S EQUATION......Page 168
2.2. ZISMAN’S METHOD......Page 169
2.4. FOWKES’ METHOD......Page 170
2.5. OWENS, WENDT, AND KAELBLE’S METHOD (TWO-LIQUID GEOMETRIC METHOD)......Page 171
2.7. LIFSHITZ-VAN DER WAALS-ACID-BASE METHOD (THREE-LIQUID ACID-BASE METHOD)......Page 172
2.8. THEORETICAL ESTIMATION FROM GROUP CONTRIBUTION HYPOTHESIS......Page 174
3.1. POLYMER MATERIALS......Page 175
3.3. CONTACT ANGLE MEASUREMENT......Page 176
3.4.2. Contact Angle and Surface Tension of Spin-Coated TLCP Films......Page 177
3.5. THEORETICAL ESTIMATION BY GROUP CONTRIBUTION METHOD......Page 181
4.1. THIN FILMS WITH DIFFERENT DEGREES OF POLYMERIZATION FOR CONTACT ANGLE MEASUREMENTS......Page 183
4.2.2. Surface Tension and Its Acid and Base Components of ABA/ANA Copolymers......Page 184
4.2.3.1. Lewis Base Parameters of Surface Tension......Page 188
4.2.3.2. Surface Tension of Poly(ABA) and Poly(ANA) Homopolymers......Page 189
5. REFERENCES......Page 190
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 192
2. IN SITU COMPOSITES......Page 194
2.1. FIBRILLATION......Page 195
2.1.1. Characteristics of LCPs......Page 196
2.1.2.1. Viscosity Ratio......Page 198
2.1.2.3. Other Factors......Page 200
2.2.1. Using a Third Component as a Compatibilizer......Page 201
2.2.1.1. Functionalized Polymers......Page 202
2.2.1.2. Ionomers......Page 204
2.2.2. Transesterification......Page 205
2.2.3. Ternary Polymer Blends......Page 207
2.3. MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF IN SITU COMPOSITES......Page 209
3. IN SITU HYBRID COMPOSITES......Page 216
3.1. CONCEPT AND MODEL OF IN SITU HYBRID COMPOSITES......Page 218
3.2. HYBRID EFFECT IN IN SITU HYBRID COMPOSITES......Page 219
3.2.2. Geometry......Page 220
3.3. TECHNIQUES FOR THE FABRICATION OF IN SITU HYBRID COMPOSITES......Page 222
4. NOMENCLATURE......Page 223
5. REFERENCES......Page 224
2. MOLECULAR DIMENSION OF THERMOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS......Page 228
3. DYNAMICS OF LIQUID CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS......Page 232
4.1. THREE-REGION FLOW......Page 234
4.2. MELT VISCOSITY CURVES......Page 235
4.3. EFFECTS OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT......Page 238
4.4. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE......Page 241
4.5. EFFECTS OF GLASS FIBERS......Page 243
4.6. NEGATIVE NORMAL STRESS DIFFERENCE......Page 245
4.7. ELONGATIONAL VISCOSITY......Page 246
4.8. DIE SWELL......Page 247
5. PROCESSING OF THERMOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS......Page 249
5.1.1. Morphology of Injection-Molded Parts......Page 250
5.1.2. Mechanical Properties of Injection-Molded Parts......Page 254
5.1.3. Weld Line Strength......Page 257
5.2. EXTRUSION AND COMPOUNDING......Page 259
5.3. FIBER SPINNING......Page 260
6. REFERENCES......Page 262
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 266
2.1.1. Side-Chain Type LCEs......Page 268
2.1.3. Combined LCEs......Page 271
2.2.2. Mechanical Properties......Page 273
2.2.3. Optical Properties......Page 275
2.3. LC THERMAL-PLASTIC ELASTOMERS [28]......Page 276
3. LIQUID SINGLE CRYSTAL ELASTOMER (LSCE), ANISOTROPIC NETWORK, AND GELS......Page 277
3.2. SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LSCE......Page 278
3.3. ANISOTROPIC NETWORK AND GELS......Page 279
3.4. COUPLING EFFECT BETWEEN MESOGENS AND POLYMER NETWORK......Page 280
3.5. MEMORY EFFECTS OF LC NETWORK......Page 281
3.6.2. LC Networks Consisting of Discotic Mesogens......Page 282
3.6.4. Non-LC Anisotropic Networks for Non-Linear Optics......Page 283
4. POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF LCE, ANISOTROPIC NETWORK, AND GELS......Page 284
5. REFERENCES......Page 285
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 289
2. SYNTHESIS AND PHASE BEHAVIOR OF TS-LCP......Page 290
2.1. EPOXY RIGID AND SEMIRIGID-ROD THERMOSETS......Page 291
2.2. CYANATE ESTER RIGID-ROD THERMOSETS......Page 296
2.3. BISMALEIMIDE RIGID-ROD THERMOSETS......Page 298
2.4. DIACRYLATE SEMIRIGID-ROD NETWORK......Page 300
2.5. BISACETYLENE RIGID-ROD NETWORK......Page 301
2.6. RIGID AND SEMIRIGID-ROD NETWORKS BASED ON HYBRID ORGANIC-INORGANIC DESIGNS......Page 302
3. REACTION KINETICS OF LC NETWORKS......Page 305
4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND POTENTIAL APPLICATION......Page 306
5. REFERENCES......Page 307
2. LCP BACKGROUND......Page 311
2.2. CONTROLLED ORIENTATION OF LCP FILM......Page 314
3.1. ORIENTATION IN LCP FILM......Page 316
3.2. CALCULATION OF ORIENTATION ANGLES......Page 318
3.3. MULTILAYER COEXTRUSION......Page 324
4.1. APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES OF LCP TUBE......Page 325
4.3. MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF LCP TUBING......Page 327
4.4. OTHER APPLICATIONS OF LCP TUBE......Page 330
5.1. THE LCP BLOWN FILM PROCESS......Page 332
5.2. LCP FILM IN PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS......Page 336
5.2.1. Test Results of the LCP Circuit Board......Page 337
5.3. LCP FILM IN HIGH BARRIER PACKAGING APPLICATIONS......Page 344
6. BLOW MOLDING LCPs AND APPLICATIONS......Page 349
7. LCP—THERMOPLASTIC BLENDS AND ALLOYS, PROCESSING, AND APPLICATIONS......Page 353
7.1. TENSILE PROPERTIES OF LCP BLENDS......Page 354
8. CONCLUSIONS......Page 355
9. REFERENCES......Page 356