Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Nomenclature
Author
Prologue
Software
Chapter 1: Matter and Measurements
1.1. Industrial Revolutions and Developments in Thermodynamics
1.2. Some Applications of Thermodynamics
1.3. Systems of Units
1.4. Systems and Surroundings
1.4.1. Classification of System Based on Interaction
1.4.2. Classification of System Based on the Composition
1.5. Directly Measurable Quantities: Temperature, Pressure and Volume
1.5.1. Temperature
1.5.2. Pressure
1.5.3. Volume
1.6. Calculus of p, υ, T Property Relations
1.7. Properties and State of a System
1.7.1. State Postulate
1.8. Process
1.9. The Concept of Reversible and Irreversible Process
1.10. Equilibrium of a System
Chapter 2: Energies and First Law of Thermodynamics
2.1. Units of Energy
2.2. Macroscopic Energies
2.3. Microscopic Energy or Internal Energy
2.4. Enthalpy
2.5. Heat
2.5.1. Types of Heat
2.5.2. Transfer of Sensible Heat
2.6. Work Interaction
2.6.1. Mechanical Work
2.6.2. Work Associated with Potential Energy
2.6.3. Work Associated with Kinetic energy
2.6.4. Shaft or Coupling Work
2.6.5. Electrical Work
2.6.6. Magnetic-Field Work
2.6.7. Spring Work
2.6.8. Surface Tension Work
2.6.9. Expansion and Compression Work
2.7. Generalized Transport Equation for an Open System
2.8. Law of Conservation of Mass
2.9. Law of Conservation of Energy
2.10. Energy Balance for a Close System
Chapter 3: Ideal and Perfect Gas Models
3.1. Ideal Gas
3.2. Work and Ideal Gas
3.3. Perfect Gas Assumption in Ideal Gas Behavior
3.4. Heat Transfer by a Perfect Gas
3.5. Heat Capacity Ratio for a Mixture of Monatomic and Diatomic Gases
3.6. Reversible Adiabatic Process for a Perfect Gas
Chapter 4: Pure Substance with Phase Change and Real Gases
4.1. Pure Substance
4.2. Phase Change Materials
4.3. Property Diagrams
4.3.1. Pressure–Temperature Plane
4.3.2. Temperature–Density Plane
4.3.3. Pressure–Enthalpy Plane
4.3.4. Temperature–Internal Energy Plane
4.4. Real Gas
4.5. Modeling of Real Gas Equation of State
4.5.1. van der Waals Model
4.5.2. Redlich–Kwong Model
4.5.3. Principle of Corresponding States
4.5.4. Redlich–Kwong-Soave Model
4.5.5. Peng–Robinson Model
4.6. Specific Heat of a Real Gas
4.7. Specific Heats of Solid and Liquids
Chapter 5: First Law Analysis of Engineering Devices
5.1. The Use of First Law of Thermodynamics
5.2. Nozzle and Diffusers
5.3. Turbines, Compressors and Pumps
5.4. Adiabatic Expansion Process
5.5. Throttling Devices
5.6. Heat Exchangers
5.7. Mixing Chamber
5.8. Bernoulli Equation
5.9. Energy Analysis of Unsteady Processes
5.9.1. Charging of a Vessel
5.9.2. Adiabatic Discharging of a Vessel
5.9.3. Non-Adiabatic Discharging of a Vessel
Chapter 6: Second Law of Thermodynamics
6.1. The Concept of Irreversibility
6.2. The Quest for a Cyclic Thermal Machine or Heat Engine
6.2.1. The Concept of Carnot Engine
6.3. Statements of Second Law of Thermodynamics
6.4. Absolute Temperature Scale
6.5. Coefficient of Performance
Chapter 7: Entropy
7.1. Entropy is a Property
7.2. Entropy Balance for an Open System
7.3. Entropy Balance for a Close System
7.4. Incompressible Substances and Their Entropy
7.5. Entropy Planes for Phase Change Substances
7.5.1. Enthalpy–Entropy Diagram
7.6. Generalized Property Relations for an Ideal Gas
7.7. Maxwell Relations and First and Second Tds Equations
Chapter 8: Applications of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
8.1. Effectiveness and Efficiencies of a Process
8.2. Polytropic Compression/Expansion Work
8.3. Free Energies
8.4. Clausius–Clapeyron Equation
8.5. Antoine Equation
8.6. Sublimation
8.7. Melting and Freezing
8.8. The Joule–Thompson Coefficient
8.9. Liquefaction of Air
Chapter 9: Exergy
9.1. Surroundings and Environs of a System
9.2. The Concept of Exergy, Anergy Environment
9.3. Exergy Associated with Heat Transfer
9.4. Reversible Work
9.5. Exergy Flow through an Open System
9.6. Irreversibility or Anergy
9.7. Exergy Equation for Closed System
9.8. Efficiencies
Chapter 10: Vapor Power Cycles
10.1. Steam Turbines
10.2. Simple Rankine Cycle
10.3. An Improved Rankine Cycle
10.4. Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycles
10.5. Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycles
10.5.1. Open Feedwater Heater
10.6. Closed Feedwater Heater
10.7. Combined Ideal Regenerative–Reheat Rankine Cycle
10.8. Bottoming Steam Power Plant
10.9. Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)
10.10. ORC with Solar Energy and Recuperator
10.11. Efficiencies
Chapter 11: Gas Power Cycles
11.1. Fuels
11.2. Air Standard Assumption
11.3. Geometrical Features of Reciprocating Engines
11.4. Otto Cycle
11.5. Diesel Cycle
11.6. Seiliger Cycle or Dual–Combustion Cycle
11.7. Stirling Cycle
11.8. Engine Performance and Fuel Design
11.9. Power from an Engine
11.10. Gas Turbine Cycles
11.10.1. Brayton Cycle (Joule Cycle)
11.10.2. Gas Turbine Cycle with Heat Exchanger
11.10.3. Gas Turbine Cycle with a Reheater
Chapter 12: Refrigeration
12.1. Refrigerants
12.2. Units of Refrigeration
12.3. Ideal Vapor Compression Cycle
12.4. Refrigeration Equipment
Chapter 13: Gas-Mixtures and Air-Conditioning
13.1. Air—Non-Reacting Ideal Gas Mixture
13.2. Dry and Moist Air
13.2.1. Dry Bulb and Wet Bulb Temperatures
13.2.2. Adiabatic Saturation Temperature and Dew Point
13.3. Enthalpies of Moist Air and Psychrometric Chart
13.4. Evaporative Cooling and Adiabatic Cooling
13.5. Air Conditioning and the Concept of Thermal Comfort
13.5.1. Sensible Heat Factor (SHF) Line
13.5.2. Cooling and Dehumidification
13.5.3. Heating and Humidification
13.6. Mixing of Air Streams
13.7. Cooling Tower
Chapter 14: Basics of Combustion Thermodynamics
14.1. Role of Oxygen in Combustion Process
14.2. Influence of Air Quantity on Combustion
14.3. Analysis of Products
14.4. Heating Value of Solid or Liquid Fuels
14.5. Coal Combustion
14.6. Second Law Efficiency for Engines
14.7. Pollution Control
Chapter 15: Mixtures Thermodynamics-I
15.1. Combined First and Second Law for Mixture
15.1.1. Gibbs–Duhem Equation
15.2. Fugacity
15.2.1. Fugacity of Saturated Liquid State
15.2.2. Fugacities of States in Phase Change
15.2.3. Fugacity of Gases
15.3. Fugacity in Superheated State
15.4. Exergy of a Close System and Chemical Potential
Chapter 16: Mixtures Thermodynamics-II
16.1. Equilibrium Conditions and Gibbs Phase Rule
16.2. Partial Molal Properties
16.3. Ideal Solution and First Law of Thermodynamics
16.4. Chemical Potential for Mixtures
16.5. Lewis–Randall Rule
16.6. Henry’s Law
16.7. Raoult’s Law
16.8. Poynting Effect
16.9. Activity Coefficients
16.10. Excess Properties
16.10.1. Excess Gibbs Energy of a Binary Mixture
16.10.2. Empirical Models of ΔgE
16.10.3. Excess Enthalpy of the Mixtures
16.11. Kalina Cycle
Chapter 17: Equilibria and Chemical Reactions
17.1. Equilibrium Criteria
17.2. The Concept of Equilibrium Constant
17.3. Determination of ΔGTo
17.4. Third Law of Thermodynamics
17.5. van’t Hoff Equation
17.6. Isochoric Combustion
17.7. Steady Flow Combustion Process
17.7.1. Heating Value of Gaseous Fuel
17.8. Adiabatic Combustion
Index