Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
SECTION I: Background Overview
Chapter 1: Overview of Nuclear Reactor Safety and Design
1.1. Historical Review
1.1.1. Early Safety Research Goals
1.1.2. Containment Development
1.1.3. Reactor Core Development
1.1.4. Fuel Rod Development
1.1.5. Emergency Core Cooling Systems
1.2. Nuclear Safety Standards
1.2.1. Nuclear Safety Objectives
1.2.2. Nuclear Safety Principles
1.2.3. Nuclear Safety Assessment
1.3. Categories of Plant States
1.4. Safety Margins
1.4.1. Traditional View on Safety Margins
1.4.2. Physical Barriers to Limit Radioactive Release
1.4.3. Safety Variables and Safety Limits
1.4.4. Safety Criteria
1.5. Safety Analyses
1.5.1. Accident Scenarios
1.5.2. Effect of Reactor Input Parameters and State
1.6. Reactor Core Design
1.6.1. Neutronic Design
1.6.2. Thermohydraulic Design
1.6.3. Thermomechanical Design
1.7. Major Nuclear Power Plant Accidents
1.7.1. Three Mile Island Unit 2 Accident
1.7.2. Chernobyl Accident
1.7.3. Fukushima Dai-ichi Accident
Problems
Chapter 2: Nuclear Power Reactors
2.1. Reactor Types
2.1.1. Pressurized Water Reactor
2.1.2. Boiling Water Reactor
2.1.3. Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor
2.1.4. Gas Cooled Reactor
2.1.5. Fast Breeder Reactor
2.1.6. High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor
2.2. Reactor Generations
2.2.1. Generation III and III+ Reactors
2.2.2. Generation IV Reactors
2.2.3. Small Modular Reactors
2.3. Nuclear Fuel
2.3.1. Fuel Rods
2.3.2. Coated Particle (TRISO) Fuel
Problems
Chapter 3: Thermophysical Properties of Reactor Core Materials
3.1. Cladding Materials
3.1.1. Zircaloy 2 and 4
3.1.2. Zirconium Alloy with 1% Nobium
3.1.3. Zirconium Alloy with 2.5% Nobium
3.2. Fuel Pellet Materials
3.2.1. Uranium Metal
3.2.2. Uranium Dioxide
3.2.3. MOX Fuel
3.2.4. Thorium Metal
3.2.5. Thorium-Based Fuel
3.2.6. TRISO Fuel Compact
3.3. Accident Tolerant Fuel
3.4. Coolants
3.4.1. Water Coolants
3.4.2. Gaseous Coolants
3.4.3. Liquid Metal Coolants
3.5. Other Materials
3.5.1. Austenitic Stainless Steels
3.5.2. Graphite
3.5.3. Molten Salts
3.6. Gas Gap
Problems
SECTION II: Reactor Core Thermal-Hydraulics
Chapter 4: Conservation Equations for Single-Phase Flow
4.1. Preliminaries
4.1.1. Kinematic Properties
4.1.2. Transport Properties
4.1.3. Thermodynamic Properties
4.2. Instantaneous Conservation Equations
4.2.1. The Mass Conservation
4.2.2. The Linear Momentum Conservation
4.2.3. The Total Energy Conservation
4.3. The Generic Conservation Equation
4.3.1. A Stationary Control Volume
4.3.2. A Moving Control Volume
4.3.3. The Material Volume
4.3.4. The Local Differential Formulation
4.4. The Time-Averaged Constant-Property Equation
4.4.1. Reynolds Averaging Rules
4.4.2. The Reynolds-Averaged Equation
4.5. The Time-Averaged Variable-Property Equation
4.5.1. Favre Averaging Rules
4.5.2. Favre-Averaged Equations
4.6. Space-Averaged Conservation Equations
4.6.1. Volume Averaging Methods
4.6.2. Volume-Averaged Conservation Equations
4.6.3. Local Space-Averaged Conservation Equations
4.6.4. Local Space-Averaged Conservation Equations in Porous Media
4.6.5. Area-Averaged Conservation Equations for Channel Flows
4.6.6. Area-Averaged Conservation Equations for Flow in Channels with Permeable Walls
4.7. Closure Relations
4.7.1. The Equation of State
4.7.2. The Stress Tensor
4.7.3. The Heat Flux Vector
4.8. Useful Forms of Conservation Equations
4.8.1. Instantaneous Conservation Equations
4.8.2. Reynolds-Averaged Conservation Equations
4.8.3. Favre-Averaged Conservation Equations
4.8.4. Selected Special Cases
Problems
Chapter 5: Single-Phase Flow in Coolant Channels
5.1. Channel Flow
5.1.1. The Laminar Boundary Layer
5.1.2. Laminar Channel Flow
5.1.3. The Turbulent Boundary Layer
5.1.4. Turbulent Channel Flow
5.2. One-Dimensional Bulk Flow
5.2.1. Conservation Equations
5.2.2. One-Dimensional Geometry Approximations
5.3. Turbulent Flow in Fuel Rod Assemblies
Problems
Chapter 6: Multiphase Flows in Channels
6.1. Instantaneous Conservation Equations
6.1.1. Interface Treatment
6.1.2. Phasic Conservation Equation
6.1.3. Jump Conditions at the Interface
6.2. Single-Field Methods
6.2.1. Level Set Methods
6.2.2. Volume-of-Fluid Methods
6.2.3. Phase-Field Methods
6.3. Multi-Field Methods
6.4. One-Dimensional Models
6.4.1. Definitions of Area-Averaged Flow Parameters
6.4.2. Homogeneous Equilibrium Model
6.4.3. Drift Flux Model
6.4.4. Phenomenological Model of Annular Flow
6.5. Three-Dimensional Multiphase Flow in Rod Bundles
6.5.1. Lagrange Particle Tracking in Gas Core Flow
6.5.2. Two-Fluid Model
6.5.3. Transported Liquid Film Model
Problems
Chapter 7: Convection Heat Transfer
7.1. Natural Convection
7.1.1. Natural Convection in Pools
7.2. Forced Convection
7.2.1. Heat Transfer to Laminar Channel Flow
7.2.2. Heat Transfer to Turbulent Channel Flow
7.3. Heat Transfer to Supercritical Fluids
7.3.1. Basic Properties of Supercritical Fluids
7.3.2. Wall Temperature Measurements
7.3.3. Wall Temperature Predictions
7.4. Convection Heat Transfer in Rod Bundles
7.4.1. Convection at High Reynolds Number
7.4.2. Convection at Low Reynolds Number
Problems
Chapter 8: Boiling Heat Transfer
8.1. General Boiling Characteristics
8.1.1. Boiling Surface Features
8.1.2. Thermal Boundary Layer
8.1.3. Boiling Curve
8.1.4. Boiling Modes
8.2. Onset of Nucleate Boiling
8.2.1. Phase Equilibrium
8.2.2. Homogeneous Nucleation
8.2.3. Heterogeneous Nucleation on Flat Solid Surface
8.2.4. Onset of Nucleate Pool Boiling
8.2.5. Onset of Nucleate Flow Boiling
8.3. Bubble Nucleation and Growth
8.3.1. Active Nucleation Site Density
8.3.2. Growing Bubble Characteristics
8.3.3. Bubble Growth Rate
8.3.4. Bubble Departure Frequency
8.3.5. Bubble Departure Diameter
8.4. Heat Transfer During Nucleate Boiling
8.4.1. Heat Flux Partitioning
8.4.2. Heat Transfer Mechanisms
8.5. Pool Boiling
8.5.1. Nucleate Pool Boiling
8.5.2. Transition Pool Boiling
8.5.3. Film Pool Boiling
8.6. Flow Boiling
8.6.1. Nucleate Flow Boiling
8.6.2. Post-CHF Flow Boiling
Problems
Chapter 9: Boiling Crisis
9.1. Principal Mechanisms and Effects
9.1.1. Pool Boiling Crisis
9.1.2. Flow Boiling Crisis
9.1.3. Scaling of Boiling Crisis
9.2. Pool Boiling CHF Correlations
9.3. DNB Correlations
9.3.1. Simple Channels
9.3.2. Subchannels and Rod Bundles
9.4. Dryout Correlations
9.4.1. Simple Channels
9.4.2. Subchannels and Rod Bundles
9.5. Generalized CHF Correlations
9.5.1. Simple Channels
9.5.2. Subchannels and Rod Bundles
9.6. Prediction of CHF in a Boiling Channel
Problems
SECTION III: Thermal Safety Margins
Chapter 10: Thermal Performance of Fuel Elements
10.1. Governing Equations
10.2. Cylindrical Fuel Elements
10.2.1. Steady-State Heat Transfer
Problems
Chapter 11: Uncertainty Treatment
11.1. Types of Uncertainties
11.2. Sources of Uncertainties
11.2.1. Input Data
11.2.2. Initial and Boundary Conditions
11.2.3. Model Formulation
11.2.4. Numerical Methods
11.2.5. Interpretation of Results
11.3. Statistical Methods
11.3.1. Probability Distributions
11.3.2. Tolerance Intervals
11.3.3. Failure Probability Estimation
Problems
Chapter 12: Thermal Safety Margins
12.1. Definitions of Margins and Limits
12.1.1. Failure Point Limit
12.1.2. Safety Limit
12.1.3. Design Limit
12.1.4. Operating Limit
12.1.5. Apparent Margin
12.1.6. Safety Margin
12.1.7. Design Margin
12.1.8. Analysis and Licensing Margins
12.1.9. Operating Margin
12.2. Hot Spots and Hot Channel Factors
12.2.1. Deterministic Method
12.2.2. Statistical Method
12.2.3. Semi-Statistical Method
12.2.4. Treatment of Statistical Factors
12.2.5. Fuel Temperature Analysis
12.3. Deterministic Safety Analysis
12.3.1. Monte Carlo Methods
12.3.2. Response Surface Methods
12.3.3. Tolerance Limit Methods
12.4. Core Thermal Limits
12.4.1. Heat Flux Hot Channel Factor
12.4.2. Nuclear Enthalpy Rise Hot Channel Factor
12.5. Multiscale and Multiphisics Reactor Core Analysis
12.5.1. Reactor Physics Calculations
12.5.2. Fuel Behavior Calculations
12.5.3. Thermal-Hydraulic Calculations
12.6. Uncertainty Propagation
Problems
Appendix A: Notation
A.1. Number Notation
A.2. Nomenclature and Symbols
Appendix B: Useful Mathematical Formulas
B.1. Integral Theorems
B.2. Balance Equations
Appendix C: Correlations
C.1. Friction Factors
C.2. Heat Transfer
Appendix D: Data Tables
D.1. Steam-Water Properties
D.2. Probability Tables
References
Index