Thermal Engineering

✍ Scribed by Shiv Kumar

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 503
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This highly informative and carefully presented book offers a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of thermal engineering. The book focuses both on the fundamentals and more complex topics such as the basics of thermodynamics, Zeroth Law of thermodynamics, first law of thermodynamics, application of first law of thermodynamics, second law of thermodynamics, entropy, availability and irreversibility, properties of pure substance, vapor power cycles, introduction to working of IC engines, air-standard cycles, gas turbines and jet propulsion, thermodynamic property relations and combustion. The author has included end-of-chapter problems and worked examples to augment learning and self-testing. This book is a useful reference to undergraduate students in the area of mechanical engineering.

About the authors

Shiv Kumar is former Head of Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering and Associate Professor at Guru Premsukh Memorial College of Engineering affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi, India. He obtained his Bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Machine Design and Automation Engineering from R.E.C. (presently NIT), Jalandhar, and Master’s degree in Thermal Engineering from Delhi College of Engineering, India. He has over 18 years of teaching experience. He has published several books in the field of mechanical engineering.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Author
1 Properties of Pure Substance
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Vapourization, Evaporation, and Boiling
1.3 Formation of Steam at Constant Pressure
1.4 Graphical Representation of T-V Diagram for Generation of Superheated Steam from –20 °C of ICE
1.5 Property Diagrams for Phase-Change Processes
1.6 P–v-T Surface
1.7 p–T DIAGRAM
1.8 Types of Steam
1.8.1 Wet Steam
1.8.2 Dry Saturated Steam
1.8.3 Superheated Steam
1.9 Properties of Wet Steam
1.10 Steam Tables
1.11 Thermodynamics Processes for the Steam
1.12 Experimental Methods of Determination of Dryness Fraction
2 Vapor Power Cycles
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Rankine Cycle
2.2.1 Turbine
2.2.2 Condenser
2.2.3 Feed Pump
2.2.4 Boiler
2.3 Why Is Carnot Cycle Not Practical for a Vapour Power Plant?
2.4 Mean Temperature of Heat Supplied
2.5 Improvements of the Rankine Cycle Efficiency
2.6 The Reheat Cycle
2.7 The Regenerative Cycle
2.8 Combined Gas-Vapour Power Cycle
2.9 Binary Vapour Cycle
Summary
Assignment-1
Assignment-2
3 Introduction to Working of IC Engines
3.1 Heat Engine
3.2 Classification of IC Engines
3.3 Nomenclature for Reciprocating Engines
3.4 Working of Four-Stroke Petrol (SI) Engine
3.5 Working of Four-Stroke Diesel (CI) Engine
3.6 Working of Two-Stroke Petrol Engine
3.7 Working of Two-Stroke Diesel Engine
3.8 Difference Between Petrol Engine and Diesel Engine
3.9 Difference Between Two-Stroke and Four-Stroke Engines
3.10 Advantages of a Two-Stroke Engine Over a Four-Stroke Engine
3.11 Disadvantages of a Two-Stroke Engine
3.12 Performance Parameter of IC Engines
3.12.1 Indicated Power: ip. The Power Produced Inside the Cylinder is Called the Indicated Power
3.12.2 Brake Power: bp. The Power Available at the Crank Shaft is Called Brake Power
3.12.3 Friction Power: fp
3.12.4 Mean Effective Pressure: mep
3.12.5 Indicated Thermal Efficiency: ηith
3.12.6 Brake Thermal Efficiency: ηbth
3.12.7 Mechanical Efficiency: ηm
3.12.8 Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio: ηret
3.12.9 Volumetric Efficiency: ηV
3.12.10 Specific Fuel Consumption: sfc
3.12.11 Piston Speed
3.13 Heat Balance Sheet
4 Air-Standard Cycles
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Otto Cycle
4.3 The Diesel Cycle
4.4 The Dual Cycle
4.5 Comparison of the Otto, Diesel, and Dual Cycles
4.5.1 Same Compression Ratio and Heat Supplied
4.5.2 Same Compression Ratio and Heat Rejection
4.5.3 Same Maximum Pressure, Maximum Temperature, and Heat Rejection
4.6 The Stirling Cycle
4.7 The Ericsson Cycle
5 Gas Turbines and Jet Propulsion
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Classification of Gas Turbines
5.2.1 Closed-Cycle Gas Turbine
5.2.2 Open-Cycle Gas Turbine
5.3 Condition for Maximum Work Output in the Brayton Cycle for Given Minimum and Maximum Temperatures Limit
5.4 Actual Gas Turbine Cycle
5.5 Refinement of Open-Cycle Gas Turbine
5.5.1 Cycle with Regeneration: Heat Supplied, Wnet = C, ηth
5.5.2 Cycle with Reheat: Wnet, Heat Supplied, ηth
5.5.3 Cycle with Intercooling: Wnet, Heat Supplied, ηth
5.6 Cycle with Regeneration, Reheat, and Intercooling Wnet, Heat supplied, ηth
5.7 Gas Turbines Versus IC Engines
5.8 Jet Propulsion
5.9 Propulsive Force, Propulsive Efficiency, and Thermal Efficiency
5.10 Classification of Jet Propulsion Engines
5.11 Turbo Jet
5.11.1 Actual Cycle
5.12 Turbo Prop
5.13 Ramjet
5.14 Rocket Engines–Non-breathing Engine
6 Thermodynamic Property Relations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Some Mathematical Relations
6.3 Maxwell Relations
6.4 Volume Expansivity: β
6.5 Isothermal Compressibility: KT
6.6 Adiabatic Compressibility: KS
6.7 Ratio of Volumetric Expansivity and Isothermal Compressibility: βKT
6.8 Change in Internal Energy
6.8.1 Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas is a Function of Temperature Only
6.9 Change in Enthalpy
6.10 Change in Entropy
6.11 Tds Relations
6.12 Difference Between cp and cv
6.13 Clapeyron Equation
7 Combustion
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Combustion Equations of Fuel
7.3 Enthalpy of Formation, Enthalpy of Combustion, and the First Law
7.4 Adiabatic Flame Temperature
Appendix
Bibliography
Index