Theory and Practice of Optics and Refraction

✍ Scribed by A K Khurana

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 572
• Series: Modern System of Ophthalmology (MSO) Series
• Edition: 5
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover
Theory and Practice of Optics and Refraction, 5th edition
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
1 Elementary and physiological optics
Elementary optics
Light
Measurement of light
Physical optics
Geometrical optics
Rectilinear propagation of light
Reflection of light
Specular light reflection
Laws of reflection
Mirrors: reflection at regular surfaces
Types of mirrors
Cardinal data of a spherical mirror
Images formed by mirrors
Images formed by a plane mirror
Images formed by a concave mirror
Images formed by a convex mirror
Retroreflection
Applications of retroreflection
Diffuse reflection (reflection at an irregular surface)
Calculation of the position and magnification of the image formed after reflection
Refraction of light
Refraction through various surfaces
Refraction through plane media
Refraction through prisms
Uses of prisms in ophthalmology
1 Diagnostic uses
2 Therapeutic uses of prisms
3 Use of prisms in optical instruments
Refraction at a curved surface
The lenses
Cardinal data of a lens
Refraction through spherical lenses
1 Convex lens
2 Concave lens
Refraction through a cylindrical lens
Sturm’s conoid
Combination of lenses and gauss’ theorem
Calculation of the position and magnification of the image formed by lenses
Calculation of the position of image formed by a lens
Calculation of the magnification of the image formed by a lens
Dioptric power of lenses (vergence)
Physiological optics (optics of the eye)
2 Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and tests for potential vision
Visual acuity
Measurement of visual acuity
Contrast sensitivity
Tests for potential vision
3 Errors of refraction and binocular optical defects
Emmetropia and ametropia
Hypermetropia and related conditions
Myopia
Astigmatism
Binocular optical defects
4 Asthenopia, digital eye strain, anomalies of accommodation and convergence
Asthenopia and digital eye strain
Accommodation
Convergence
5 Clinical refraction: Determination of the errors of refraction
Introduction
Objective refraction
Subjective refraction
Determination of the muscle balance
Summary of clinical refraction
6 Keratometry, corneal topography and aberrometry
Corneal optics
Optical principles and nomenclature of techniques to study corneal shape and curvatures
Keratometry
Corneal topography
Slit-scanning corneal tomography system
Aberrometry and wavefront technology
7 Spectacles
Introduction
Spectacle frames
Spectacle lenses
Optical centration and decentration
Glazing
Verification of spectacles
Spectacle-related asthenopia
8 Contact lenses
Introduction
Contact lens manufacturing
Tear film and contact lens interactions
Optics of contact lens
Indications and contraindications of contact lens use
Design description and parameters of a contact lens
Rigid contact lenses
Rigid lens problems
Scleral rigid gas-permeable lenses
Soft (hydrogel) contact lenses
Hybrid contact lenses
Extended wear lenses
Rigid versus soft contact lenses
Disposable contact lenses
Special contact lens fitting situations
Therapeutic contact lenses
Cosmetic soft lenses
Complications of contact lens wear
Contact lens solutions and care of contact lenses
9 Intraocular lenses: Optical aspects and power calculation
General considerations
Optical aspects of IOLs
Calculation of IOL power
Optimization of IOL power
Important considerations and final selection of IOL power
10 Low vision management
Low vision
Magnitude of global vision impairment and blindness: Some facts
Low vision aids
Evaluation of the patient with low vision
Prescription of LVAs
11 Refractive surgery
Refractive surgery: An introduction
Patient selection and preoperative evaluation for refractive surgery
Refractive surgery for myopia
Keratorefractive procedures for myopia
I Incisional corneal procedures for myopia
II Earlier lamellar corneal refractive procedures for myopia
III Laser ablation corneal refractive procedures for myopia
IV Newer lamellar corneal refractive procedures
V Corneal refractive therapy (orthokeratology)
VI Intracorneal implants
B Lens-based refractive surgeries for myopia
C Combined lens-based and cornea-based refractive procedures
Summary
Refractive surgery for astigmatism
Refractive surgery for hypermetropia
A Keratorefractive procedures
B Intraocular refractive procedures for hyperopia
Summary
Refractive surgery for presbyopia
Future refractive surgeries
12 Optical instruments and techniques
Introduction
Optical instruments and techniques for anterior segment evaluation
Slit-lamp biomicroscopy
Introduction
Parts of a slit-lamp
Technique of biomicroscopy
Gonioscopy
Principle of gonioscopy
Direct gonioscopy
Indirect gonioscopy
Aims and indications and types of gonioscopy
Optical pachymeter
Specular microscopy
Optics
Types of specular microscopes
Procedure
Methods of analysis
Commercially available specular microscopes
Clinical uses of specular microscopy
Comprehensive anterior segment analyser
Confocal microscopy of cornea
Optical instruments and techniques for posterior segment evaluation
Ophthalmoscopy
Distant direct ophthalmoscopy
Direct ophthalmoscopy
Monocular indirect ophthalmoscopy
Binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy
Biomicroscopic examination of fundus
Fundus camera and related devices
Fundus camera
Wide-field retinal imaging systems
Fundus imaging with a smart phone
Rtx1 adaptive optics retinal camera
Laser scanning imaging techniques
Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy
Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy
Spectralis HRA plus OCT
Retinal thickness analyser
Scanning laser polarimetry
Optical coherence tomography
Basic principle and OCT machine
OCT for posterior segment imaging
Procedure
Normal OCT scan of retina
Colour coding in the OCT scan
Interpretation of retinal scan
The macular scan
OCT scan protocols in macula
Optic disc scan
RNFL assessment with OCT
Clinical applications of posterior OCT scan
I Macular disorders
II OCT in glaucoma
III Enhanced depth OCT: Imaging for choroid
IV OCT with surgical microscope
Swept-source OCT
En face OCT
OCT angiography
Conventional OCT versus OCT–SLO
Limitations of OCT
OCT machine for anterior segment imaging and biometry
Optical devices for eye surgery
Optical instruments for refraction
Smart phones in ophthalmology
Index
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