About this Book
Cover Page
Inside Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Contents
Part 1: Understanding Argument
Chapter 1: What Is Argument?
Why Study Argument?
Argument in the Twenty-First Century
Mel Bondar, The Financial Case for Trade School over College
The Purposes of Argument
The Elements of Argument
The Ethics of Argument
So, Why Write Arguments?
Chapter 2: Critical Reading of Written Arguments
Prereading
Strategies for Prereading
Greta Thunberg, How Dare You?
Reading with an Open Mind
Mark R. Levin, News, Propaganda, and Pseudo-Events
Reading for Content and Structure
Strategies for Annotating a Text
Christopher Elliott, A Tale of Two Airlines
Summarizing
Research Skill: Using Summaries in Research
Ocean Vuong, Reimagining Masculinity
Evaluating
Strategies for Evaluating Arguments
Argument Essentials: Examining Written Arguments
Bruce Schneier, The Internet Is a Surveillance State
Whitney Cramer, Giving Up Our Privacy: Is It Worth It?
Assignments for Critical Reading of Written Arguments
Chapter 3: Critical Reading of Multimodal Arguments
Visual Rhetoric
Photographs
Argument Essentials: Visual Rhetoric
Print Advertisements
Political Cartoons
Graphics
Audio and Audiovisual Rhetoric
Television Commercials
Podcasts
Argument Essentials: Audiovisual Rhetoric
Speeches and Debates
Strategies for Critical Listening
Online Environments
Networking Sites
Interactive Websites
Assignments for Critical Reading of Multimodal Arguments
Chapter 4: Writing Argument Analysis
Argument Essentials: Argument Analysis
Writing the Thesis (Main Claim)
Argument Essentials: Writing the Claim for Analysis
Planning the Structure
Argument Essentials: Planning the Structure
Providing Support
Summarizing
Paraphrasing
Argument Essentials: Providing Support
Quoting
Research Skill: Incorporating Quotations into Your Text
Integrating Your Sources
Strategies for Summary, Paraphrase, and Quotation
Reading and Practicing Argument Analysis
James W. Ingram III, Electoral College Is Best Way to Choose U.S. President
Healthcare Management, The Science Facts about Autism and Vaccines
Stefan Andreasson, Fossil Fuel Divestment Will Increase Carbon Emissions, Not Lower Them
Ben Adler, Are Plastic-Bag Bans Good for the Climate?
Lesley Wexler And Jennifer K. Robbennolt, #MeToo and Restorative Justice: Realizing Restoration for Victims and Offenders
Destinée Miller, Restorative Justice and the #MeToo Movement
Sabra Stapleton, How to Pick a President: Electoral College vs. National Popular Vote
Assignments for Writing Argument Analysis
Part 2: Writing Argument
Chapter 5: Approaches to Argument
Aristotelian Rhetoric
Ethos
Logos
Pathos
Ancient Rhetoric Today
Argument Essentials: Aristotelian Rhetoric
Chesley B. “Sully” Sullenberger III, We Saved 155 Lives on the Hudson. Now Let’s Vote for Leaders Who’ll Protect Us All.
Liza Long, I Am Adam Lanza’s Mother
Rogerian Argument
Argument Essentials: Rogerian Argument
Mallory Simon, Gun Debate: Where Is the Middle Ground?
Sarah Seltzer, Teaching Trigger Warnings: What Pundits Don’t Understand about the Year’s Most Controversial Higher-Ed Debate
Stasis Theory
The Stasis Questions
Stasis Theory Claims
Research Skill: Narrowing Your Research
The Toulmin Model
The Claim
The Support
The Assumption
Toulmin and the Syllogism
Argument Essentials: The Toulmin Model
Angira Patel, To Be a Good Doctor, Study the Humanities
Steven Reinberg, Embryo Selection May Help Prevent Some Inherited Disorders
Assignments for Approaches to Argument
Chapter 6: Claims
Claims of Fact
Argument Essentials: Claims of Fact
Research Skill: Using Databases
Amy Froide, Spinster, Old Maid or Self-Partnered: Why Words for Single Women Have Changed through Time
Domtar Paper, Paper Because
Claims of Value
Aesthetics
Morality
Argument Essentials: Claims of Value
Samuel Chi, The NFL’s Protest Crisis
Odie Henderson, Black Panther
Claims of Policy
Argument Essentials: Claims of Policy
Elisha Dov Hack, College Life versus My Moral Code
Jessica Andrews, How to Avoid Cultural Appropriation at Coachella
Strategies for Reading and Writing Claims
Assignments for Claims
Chapter 7: Support
Strategies for Reading and Writing Support
Evidence
Factual Evidence
Images
Research Skill: Evaluating Factual Evidence
Expert Opinion
Research Skill: Evaluating Expert Opinion
Argument Essentials: Evidence
Kristen Weinacker, “Safer? Tastier? More Nutritious?” The Dubious Merits of Organic Foods
Sid Kirchheimer, Are Sports Fans Happier?
Appeals to Needs and Values
Appeals to Needs
Argument Essentials: Appeals to Needs and Values
Appeals to Values
Strategies for Evaluating Appeals to Needs and Values
Ronald M. Green, Building Baby from the Genes Up
Sarah Griffiths, Why Having a Crush Is Good for You
Assignments for Support
Chapter 8: Assumptions
General Principles
Widely Held Assumptions
Argument Essentials: Assumptions
Recognizing and Analyzing Assumptions
“Obvious” Assumptions
Intention to Deceive
Strategies for Recognizing Assumptions
Thomas R. Wells, Let the Anti-Vaxxers Have Their Way
Research Skill: Focusing a Research Topic
Michael Levin, The Case for Torture
Robert A. Sirico, An Unjust Sacrifice
Assignments for Assumptions
Chapter 9: Structuring the Argument
Organizing the Argument
Defending the Thesis
Refuting an Opposing View
Strategies for Refuting an Opposing View (Counterargument)
Sharon Astyk and Aaron Newton, The Rich Get Richer, the Poor Go Hungry
Finding the Middle Ground
Strategies for Finding the Middle Ground
Jack Beyrer, Innovative Gun Control Idea Gains Support
Presenting the Stock Issues
John R. Koza, States Can Reform Electoral College — Here’s How to Empower Popular Vote
Argument Essentials: Organizing the Argument
Introductions and Conclusions
Writing the Introduction
Writing the Conclusion
Assignments for Structuring Arguments
Part 3: Strengthening Argument
Chapter 10: Language
The Power of Words
Emotive Language
Stihl, Consumer Confidence
Donald J. Trump, Remarks on the Shootings in El Paso, Texas, and Dayton, Ohio
Connotation
Pamela Powers Hannley, Bathroom Politics: Preserving the Sanctity of the “Ladies’ Room”
Slanting
Research Skill: Evaluating Language in Sources
Figurative Language
W. E. B. Du Bois, Of Our Spiritual Strivings
Concrete and Abstract Language
Shortcuts
Clichés
Slogans
Argument Essentials: Evaluating Language
Evaluating Language
Strategies for Evaluating Word Choice and Choosing Your Words Carefully
Rachel Syme, Selfie: The Revolutionary Potential of Your Own Face
Barack Obama, Remarks at Memorial Service for Fallen Dallas Police Officers, July 12, 2016
Assignments for Language
Chapter 11: Definition
The Purposes of Definition
Argument Essentials: Purposes of Definition
Sunnivie Brydum, The True Meaning of the Word “Cisgender”
Lucas Wright, Twitter Bans Dehumanization
Defining the Terms in Your Argument
The Limitations of Dictionary Definitions
Stipulation and Negation: Stating What a Term Is and Is Not
Defining Vague and Ambiguous Terms
Research Skill: Using Encyclopedias to Find Definitions
Definition by Example
Argument Essentials: Defining the Terms in Your Argument
Extended Definitions
Ishmeal Bradley, Conscientious Objection in Medicine: A Moral Dilemma
Brian Whitaker, The Definition of Terrorism
Strategies for Writing a Definition Essay
Assignments for Definition
Chapter 12: Logic
Induction
Argument Essentials: Induction
Steven Doloff, Greta Garbo, Meet Joan Rivers . . . (Talk amongst Yourselves)
Deduction
Argument Essentials: Deduction
Seamus O’Mahony, Are We Living Too Long?
Hillary Clinton, Remarks at the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Women and the Economy Summit
Common Fallacies
Research Skill: Structuring Your Research with Generalizations and Specifics
Hasty Generalization
Faulty Use of Authority
Post Hoc or Doubtful Cause
False Analogy
Ad Hominem
False Dilemma
Slippery Slope
Begging the Question
Straw Man
Red Herring
Two Wrongs Make a Right
Non Sequitur
Ad Populum
Appeal to Tradition
Strategies for Uncovering Logical Fallacies
Christopher Caldwell, Drivers Get Rolled
Henry Billings Brown, U.S. Supreme Court, Plessy v. Ferguson: The Opinion of the Court
Assignments for Logic
Part 4: Incorporating Research
Chapter 13: Planning and Research
Finding an Appropriate Topic
Invention Strategies
Evaluating Possible Topics
Strategies for Identifying Effective Research Paper Topics
Initiating Research
Keeping Research on Track
Strategies for Keeping Your Research on Track
Research Skill: What Is Common Knowledge?
Sketching a Preliminary Outline
Types of Sources
Research Skill: Popular vs. Scholarly Articles
Finding Sources
Databases
Encyclopedias
Statistical Resources
Government Resources
Online Sources
Multimodal Sources
Evaluating Sources
Relevance
Reliability
Research Skill: Evaluating Multimodal Sources
Argument Essentials: Evaluating Sources
Taking Notes
Note Taking and Prewriting
Working with Your Outline
Managing and Documenting Sources
Argument Essentials: Taking Notes
Alicia Oglesby, Safe Spaces
Megan Yee, Why “Safe Spaces” Are Important for Mental Health — Especially on College Campuses
What Is a Safe Space?
Chapter 14: Drafting, Revising, and Presenting Arguments
Reviewing Your Research
Research Skill: Reviewing Your Research
Avoiding Plagiarism
Argument Essentials: Avoiding Plagiarism
Building an Effective Argument
Argument Essentials: Checklist for Effective Arguments
Using Sentence Forms to Write Arguments
Argument Essentials: Addressing Opposing Arguments Using Sentence Forms
Revising
Oral Arguments and Presentations
The Audience
Credibility
Organization
Language
Support
Presentation Aids
Jimmy Carter, Why I Believe the Mistreatment of Women Is the Number One Human Rights Abuse
Kathleen Sebelius, Remarks to Georgetown University’s Public Policy Institute
Chapter 15: Documenting Sources
MLA In-Text Citations
MLA Works Cited Entries
Directory of MLA Works Cited Entries
Print Sources
Online Sources
Other Sources
MLA-Style Annotated Bibliography
MLA-Style Paper Format
MLA-Style Sample Research Paper
APA In-Text Citations
APA List of References
Directory of APA Reference Entries
Print Sources
Online Sources
Other Sources
APA-Style Paper Format
APA-Style Sample Research Paper
Acknowledgments
Glossary
Index
Notes
Inside Back Cover
Back Cover
