Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Figures
Contributors
Acknowledgements
Introduction: Reframing the Religious Underground
Religious Resistance and the Formation of the Underground
The Secret Police
Secret Police Operations
Secret Police Archives and the Politics of the Religious Field in Post-Communism
Studying Religions Through the Secret Police Archives
Conclusion
Notes
Archival Sources
References
Part I Constructing the Enemy
Historical and Legal Contexts
1 Shifting Images of a Harmful Sect: Operations Against Inochentism in Soviet Ukraine, 1920–23
Anti-religious Policy and Soviet Countryside in the Early 1920s
Local Institutions of Power in the Early 1920s
Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Ananiev County and the “problem of Rai”
The Contradictory Policies of Provincial and Local Authorities: the Repressive Operation From 1921
From a Local Problem to a Cross-Border Threat: a View on Rai From Odessa
Conclusions
Notes
Archival Sources
Interviews
References
2 Visualizing Invisible Dissent Red Dragonists, Conspiracy and the Soviet Secret Police
Introduction: Materiality of Common Sense
Grassroots Holiness: the Arrival of the Red Dragon
Popular Eschatology as Conspiracy Theory
Red Dragon-Type Organization: the True Orthodox Church
Crafting Religious Dissent: Agitators, Spies and Couriers
Secret Police Model Criminal Files
Secret Police Bricolage
Religious Network Schemes
Conclusion: Clash of Conspiracies
Notes
Archival Sources
References
3 The Legal Context of Religious Activities in Hungary Between 1945 and 1989/90
Introduction
The Administrative and the Political Conditions of Legitimization of Churches By the State
Religious Groups Pursued By the Regime – Categories From a Legal Standpoint
Resisting Groups Within State-Approved Churches (minority in a State-Approved-So-Called Majority Church, Pursued Both ...
Unapproved Religious Communities (illegal Churches or so-called “sects”)
Religious Communities That Achieved State-Approved Church Status During Socialism
Semi-Legal Religious Groups Following the Continuous Change of Church Policy in the 1980s
Conclusion – Remission of Pursuit in the 1980s
Notes
Archival Sources
References
4 Turning Religious Practices Into Political Guilt: Jehovah’s Witnesses in the Narratives of the Securitate Files
Introduction
Historical Context
Perceptions and Policies of the Securitate Towards Jehovah’s Witnesses During 1950s
Turning Religious Practices Into Political Guilt
Conclusions
Notes
Archival Sources
References
5 A Coercive Political Environment as Place of Testimony: Jehovah’s Witnesses in the Era of State Socialism in Hungary, 1948–89
Introduction: Jehovah’s Witnesses in Hungary
History of the Jehovah’s Witnesses Before 1945
Jehovah’s Witnesses Between 1945 and 1948
The 1950s in the Life of the Jehovah’s Witnesses
Underground Religious Life and the State Security
Jehovah’s Witnesses in the Kádár Era
Conclusion
Notes
Archival Sources
Press
References
Part II Anti-religious Operations
6 Soviet State Security and the Cold War: Repression and Agent Infiltration of the Jehovah’s Witnesses in the Moldavian ...
Introduction
Religion and the State in Bessarabia Before 1940
Religion in Soviet Moldavia, 1940–41 and 1944–49
The Structure of Soviet State Security Apparatus in Moldavian SSR
Deportation of Jehovah’s Witnesses (1951)
The Legal Basis of Mass Deportation of Jehovah’s Witnesses Vs. Individual Sentencing
Agent Infiltration of Jehovah’s Witnesses Organizations
Conclusion
Notes
Archival Sources
References
7 The Secret Police and the Marian Apparition: Actions of the Polish Security Service Against the Miracle of Zabludów in 1965
Introduction
Miraculous Phenomena in the Polish People’s Republic
The Characteristics of the Site of the Marian Apparition of Zabludów and the Course of the Event
May: a Month of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Election Sunday
Our Lady of Zabludów
The Quarantine of Zabludów
Actions Taken By the Secret Police in Relation to the Marian Apparition in Zabludów
Collecting Information
Information From Zabludów
Information From the Podlasie Region
Intelligence Officers in the Meadow
Manipulative and Compromising Measures
Intimidating Actions
Conclusions
Notes
Archival Sources
References
8 Acting in the Underground: Life as a Hare Krishna Devotee in the Soviet Republic of Lithuania (1979–1989)
Introduction
Methods and the Scope of Data
The Lithuanian Special Archives (LSA): Access to KGB Files in Lithuania and the Legal Rules That Govern Their Use ...
Hare Krishna Movement in the Soviet Lithuania
Atheist Propaganda, KGB and ISKCON
Persecutions of KGB: Strategy and Actions
The Consequences of the KGB Repressions to the Members of the Community
Conclusion
Notes
Interviews
References
9 Between Simplification and Absurdity: The Czech Protestant Milieu, “New Orientation” and the Secret Police
“The Situation Remains Very Unsatisfactory”: StB and Czech Protestants in the 1950s
Locating the “Hostile Center” Inside the CCE – the 1960s
“We Have to Join the NO, All of us” – 1970s
Conclusion
Notes
Archival Sources
Interviews
References
Part III Methodological Approaches to Religions in the Secret Police Archives
10 Secret Police Informer Files as Sources for the Study of Vernacular Religion Under Communism
Reading Secret Police Files
Vernacular Religion in the Archives
Notes
Archival Sources
References
11 Photographs of the Religious Underground: Tracing Images between Archives and Communities
Introduction
The “József Németh” Case
Reading Photographs
Photo Elicitation
Photo Elicitation Experiences
Conclusion
Notes
Archival Source
References
12 Feasting and Fasting: The Evidential Character of Material Religion in Secret Police Archives
Introduction
Material Religion and Secret Police Archives
Inochentist-Stilists in Communist Romania
Fasting, Feasting and the Distribution of Foods
Eschatology and Food Security
Conclusion
Notes
Archival Sources
References
Part IV Secret Police Archives in Post-Communism
Politics, Ethics and Communities
13 The Patriarchate, the Presidency and the Secret Police Archives: Studying Religions in Post-Communist Romania
The (mis)use of the Secret Police Archives
President Iliescu and Patriarch Teoctist
The Presidential Commission for the Analysis of the Communist Dictatorship and the Vladimiresti Case
The Romanian Presidency, the Orthodox Church, and the Final Report
Conclusion
Notes
Archival Sources
References
14 The Possibility of Researching Religious Minorities in the Secret Police Archives of the Former Yugoslavia
Introduction
The Regulation of Religious Minorities in Yugoslavia
State Security and Religious Minorities
Archival Data on Religious Minorities
From the Secret Police Archives to the Religious Community Archives
Conclusion
Notes
Archival Sources
References
15 If Sex Were a Factor …: The Securitate Archives and Issues of Morality in Documents Related to Religious Life
Understandings of Morality in Communist-Era Archives on Religion
Case Studies
The Constructed File
Using “Moral Deviancy”
A Moral Code of Conduct for the State Employee Dealing With Religious Life
Conclusion
Notes
Archival Sources
References
16 Neo-Protestant Churches and the Secret Police Archives in Romania
Standing in the Shadow of the Orthodox Church
Healing From the Past
Redeeming the Memory of a Painful Past
Conclusion
Notes
References
Index