The Python Standard Library by Example (Developer's Library)

✍ Scribed by Doug Hellmann

• Publisher: Addison-Wesley Professional
• Year: 2011
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 1343
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

“Hellmann’s writing has become an indispensable resource for me and many others as it fills a critical gap in Python Documentation with examples.” — Jesse Noller, Python Core Developer and PSF Board Member Master the Powerful Python Standard Library through Real Code Examples   The Python Standard Library contains hundreds of modules for interacting with the operating system, interpreter, and Internet—all extensively tested and ready to jump-start your application development. The Python Standard Library by Example introduces virtually every important area of the Python 2.7 library through concise, stand-alone source code/output examples, designed for easy learning and reuse.   Building on his popular Python Module of the Week blog series, author and Python expert Doug Hellmann focuses on “showing” not “telling.” He explains code behavior through downloadable examples that fully demonstrate each feature.   You’ll find practical code for working with text, data types, algorithms, math, file systems, networking, the Internet, XML, email, cryptography, concurrency, runtime and language services, and much more. Each section fully covers one module, and links to valuable additional resources, making this book an ideal tutorial and reference. Coverage includes Manipulating text with string, textwrap, re, and difflib Implementing data structures: collections, array, queue, struct, copy, and more Reading, writing, and manipulating files and directories Regular expression pattern matching Exchanging data and providing for persistence Archiving and data compression Managing processes and threads Using application “building blocks”: parsing command-line options, prompting for passwords, scheduling events, and logging Testing, debugging, and compilation Controlling runtime configuration Using module and package utilities If you’re new to Python, this book will quickly give you access to a whole new world of functionality. If you’ve worked with Python before, you’ll discover new, powerful solutions and better ways to use the modules you’ve already tried.

✦ Table of Contents

Contents......Page 10
Tables......Page 32
Foreword......Page 34
Acknowledgments......Page 38
About the Author......Page 40
INTRODUCTION......Page 42
1 TEXT......Page 44
1.1.1 Functions......Page 45
1.1.2 Templates......Page 46
1.1.3 Advanced Templates......Page 48
1.2.1 Example Data......Page 50
1.2.3 Removing Existing Indentation......Page 51
1.2.4 Combining Dedent and Fill......Page 52
1.2.5 Hanging Indents......Page 53
1.3 Re—Regular Expressions......Page 54
1.3.2 Compiling Expressions......Page 55
1.3.3 Multiple Matches......Page 56
1.3.4 Pattern Syntax......Page 57
1.3.5 Constraining the Search......Page 69
1.3.6 Dissecting Matches with Groups......Page 71
1.3.7 Search Options......Page 78
1.3.8 Looking Ahead or Behind......Page 86
1.3.9 Self-Referencing Expressions......Page 91
1.3.10 Modifying Strings with Patterns......Page 97
1.3.11 Splitting with Patterns......Page 99
1.4 Difflib—Compare Sequences......Page 102
1.4.1 Comparing Bodies of Text......Page 103
1.4.2 Junk Data......Page 106
1.4.3 Comparing Arbitrary Types......Page 107
2 DATA STRUCTURES......Page 110
2.1.1 Counter......Page 111
2.1.2 Defaultdict......Page 115
2.1.3 Deque......Page 116
2.1.4 Namedtuple......Page 120
2.1.5 OrderedDict......Page 123
2.2.1 Initialization......Page 125
2.2.3 Arrays and Files......Page 126
2.2.4 Alternate Byte Ordering......Page 127
2.3 Heapq—Heap Sort Algorithm......Page 128
2.3.1 Example Data......Page 129
2.3.2 Creating a Heap......Page 130
2.3.3 Accessing Contents of a Heap......Page 131
2.3.4 Data Extremes from a Heap......Page 133
2.4.1 Inserting in Sorted Order......Page 134
2.4.2 Handling Duplicates......Page 136
2.5.1 Basic FIFO Queue......Page 137
2.5.2 LIFO Queue......Page 138
2.5.3 Priority Queue......Page 139
2.5.4 Building a Threaded Podcast Client......Page 140
2.6.2 Packing and Unpacking......Page 143
2.6.3 Endianness......Page 144
2.6.4 Buffers......Page 146
2.7 Weakref—Impermanent References to Objects......Page 147
2.7.1 References......Page 148
2.7.3 Proxies......Page 149
2.7.4 Cyclic References......Page 150
2.7.5 Caching Objects......Page 155
2.8 Copy—Duplicate Objects......Page 158
2.8.2 Deep Copies......Page 159
2.8.3 Customizing Copy Behavior......Page 160
2.8.4 Recursion in Deep Copy......Page 161
2.9.1 Printing......Page 164
2.9.2 Formatting......Page 165
2.9.4 Recursion......Page 166
2.9.6 Controlling Output Width......Page 167
3.1 Functools—Tools for Manipulating Functions......Page 170
3.1.1 Decorators......Page 171
3.1.2 Comparison......Page 179
3.2 Itertools—Iterator Functions......Page 182
3.2.1 Merging and Splitting Iterators......Page 183
3.2.2 Converting Inputs......Page 186
3.2.3 Producing New Values......Page 187
3.2.4 Filtering......Page 189
3.2.5 Grouping Data......Page 192
3.3 Operator—Functional Interface to Built-in Operators......Page 194
3.3.2 Comparison Operators......Page 195
3.3.3 Arithmetic Operators......Page 196
3.3.4 Sequence Operators......Page 198
3.3.5 In-Place Operators......Page 199
3.3.6 Attribute and Item “Getters”......Page 200
3.3.7 Combining Operators and Custom Classes......Page 202
3.3.8 Type Checking......Page 203
3.4 Contextlib—Context Manager Utilities......Page 204
3.4.1 Context Manager API......Page 205
3.4.2 From Generator to Context Manager......Page 208
3.4.3 Nesting Contexts......Page 209
3.4.4 Closing Open Handles......Page 210
4.1 Time—Clock Time......Page 214
4.1.2 Processor Clock Time......Page 215
4.1.3 Time Components......Page 217
4.1.4 Working with Time Zones......Page 218
4.1.5 Parsing and Formatting Times......Page 220
4.2 Datetime—Date and Time Value Manipulation......Page 221
4.2.1 Times......Page 222
4.2.2 Dates......Page 223
4.2.3 Timedeltas......Page 226
4.2.4 Date Arithmetic......Page 227
4.2.5 Comparing Values......Page 228
4.2.6 Combining Dates and Times......Page 229
4.2.7 Formatting and Parsing......Page 230
4.2.8 Time Zones......Page 231
4.3.1 Formatting Examples......Page 232
4.3.2 Calculating Dates......Page 235
5.1 Decimal—Fixed and Floating-Point Math......Page 238
5.1.1 Decimal......Page 239
5.1.2 Arithmetic......Page 240
5.1.3 Special Values......Page 241
5.1.4 Context......Page 242
5.2.1 Creating Fraction Instances......Page 248
5.2.3 Approximating Values......Page 251
5.3.1 Generating Random Numbers......Page 252
5.3.2 Seeding......Page 253
5.3.3 Saving State......Page 254
5.3.4 Random Integers......Page 255
5.3.5 Picking Random Items......Page 256
5.3.6 Permutations......Page 257
5.3.7 Sampling......Page 259
5.3.8 Multiple Simultaneous Generators......Page 260
5.3.9 SystemRandom......Page 262
5.3.10 Nonuniform Distributions......Page 263
5.4.1 Special Constants......Page 264
5.4.2 Testing for Exceptional Values......Page 265
5.4.3 Converting to Integers......Page 267
5.4.4 Alternate Representations......Page 268
5.4.5 Positive and Negative Signs......Page 270
5.4.6 Commonly Used Calculations......Page 271
5.4.7 Exponents and Logarithms......Page 275
5.4.8 Angles......Page 279
5.4.9 Trigonometry......Page 281
5.4.10 Hyperbolic Functions......Page 284
5.4.11 Special Functions......Page 285
6 THE FILE SYSTEM......Page 288
6.1.1 Parsing Paths......Page 289
6.1.2 Building Paths......Page 293
6.1.3 Normalizing Paths......Page 294
6.1.4 File Times......Page 295
6.1.5 Testing Files......Page 296
6.1.6 Traversing a Directory Tree......Page 297
6.2 Glob—Filename Pattern Matching......Page 298
6.2.2 Wildcards......Page 299
6.2.3 Single Character Wildcard......Page 300
6.2.4 Character Ranges......Page 301
6.3.1 Test Data......Page 302
6.3.2 Reading Specific Lines......Page 303
6.3.4 Error Handling......Page 304
6.3.5 Reading Python Source Files......Page 305
6.4.1 Temporary Files......Page 306
6.4.3 Temporary Directories......Page 309
6.4.4 Predicting Names......Page 310
6.4.5 Temporary File Location......Page 311
6.5.1 Copying Files......Page 312
6.5.2 Copying File Metadata......Page 315
6.5.3 Working with Directory Trees......Page 317
6.6.1 Reading......Page 320
6.6.2 Writing......Page 321
6.6.3 Regular Expressions......Page 324
6.7.1 Unicode Primer......Page 325
6.7.2 Working with Files......Page 328
6.7.3 Byte Order......Page 330
6.7.4 Error Handling......Page 332
6.7.5 Standard Input and Output Streams......Page 336
6.7.6 Encoding Translation......Page 339
6.7.7 Non-Unicode Encodings......Page 341
6.7.8 Incremental Encoding......Page 342
6.7.9 Unicode Data and Network Communication......Page 344
6.7.10 Defining a Custom Encoding......Page 348
6.8.1 Examples......Page 355
6.9.1 Simple Matching......Page 356
6.9.2 Filtering......Page 358
6.9.3 Translating Patterns......Page 359
6.10.1 Listing Directory Contents......Page 360
6.10.2 Annotated Listings......Page 362
6.11 FIlecmp—Compare Files......Page 363
6.11.1 Example Data......Page 364
6.11.2 Comparing Files......Page 366
6.11.3 Comparing Directories......Page 368
6.11.4 Using Differences in a Program......Page 369
7 DATA PERSISTENCE AND EXCHANGE......Page 374
7.1 Pickle—Object Serialization......Page 375
7.1.2 Encoding and Decoding Data in Strings......Page 376
7.1.3 Working with Streams......Page 377
7.1.4 Problems Reconstructing Objects......Page 379
7.1.6 Circular References......Page 381
7.2.1 Creating a New Shelf......Page 384
7.2.2 Writeback......Page 385
7.2.3 Specific Shelf Types......Page 387
7.3.1 Database Types......Page 388
7.3.2 Creating a New Database......Page 389
7.3.4 Error Cases......Page 390
7.4 Whichdb—Identify DBM-Style Database Formats......Page 391
7.5 Sqlite3—Embedded Relational Database......Page 392
7.5.1 Creating a Database......Page 393
7.5.2 Retrieving Data......Page 396
7.5.3 Query Metadata......Page 398
7.5.4 Row Objects......Page 399
7.5.5 Using Variables with Queries......Page 400
7.5.6 Bulk Loading......Page 403
7.5.7 Defining New Column Types......Page 404
7.5.8 Determining Types for Columns......Page 407
7.5.9 Transactions......Page 409
7.5.10 Isolation Levels......Page 413
7.5.12 Exporting the Contents of a Database......Page 417
7.5.13 Using Python Functions in SQL......Page 419
7.5.14 Custom Aggregation......Page 421
7.5.15 Custom Sorting......Page 422
7.5.16 Threading and Connection Sharing......Page 424
7.5.17 Restricting Access to Data......Page 425
7.6.1 Parsing an XML Document......Page 428
7.6.2 Traversing the Parsed Tree......Page 429
7.6.3 Finding Nodes in a Document......Page 431
7.6.4 Parsed Node Attributes......Page 432
7.6.5 Watching Events While Parsing......Page 434
7.6.6 Creating a Custom Tree Builder......Page 437
7.6.7 Parsing Strings......Page 439
7.6.8 Building Documents with Element Nodes......Page 441
7.6.9 Pretty-Printing XML......Page 442
7.6.10 Setting Element Properties......Page 444
7.6.11 Building Trees from Lists of Nodes......Page 446
7.6.12 Serializing XML to a Stream......Page 449
7.7.1 Reading......Page 452
7.7.2 Writing......Page 453
7.7.3 Dialects......Page 454
7.7.4 Using Field Names......Page 459
8.1 Zlib—GNU zlib Compression......Page 462
8.1.1 Working with Data in Memory......Page 463
8.1.2 Incremental Compression and Decompression......Page 464
8.1.3 Mixed Content Streams......Page 465
8.1.4 Checksums......Page 466
8.1.5 Compressing Network Data......Page 467
8.2 Ggzip—Read and Write GNU Zip Files......Page 471
8.2.1 Writing Compressed Files......Page 472
8.2.2 Reading Compressed Data......Page 474
8.2.3 Working with Streams......Page 475
8.3.1 One-Shot Operations in Memory......Page 477
8.3.2 Incremental Compression and Decompression......Page 479
8.3.3 Mixed Content Streams......Page 480
8.3.4 Writing Compressed Files......Page 481
8.3.5 Reading Compressed Files......Page 483
8.3.6 Compressing Network Data......Page 484
8.4.1 Testing Tar Files......Page 489
8.4.2 Reading Metadata from an Archive......Page 490
8.4.3 Extracting Files from an Archive......Page 491
8.4.5 Using Alternate Archive Member Names......Page 494
8.4.6 Writing Data from Sources Other than Files......Page 495
8.4.7 Appending to Archives......Page 496
8.4.8 Working with Compressed Archives......Page 497
8.5.2 Reading Metadata from an Archive......Page 498
8.5.3 Extracting Archived Files from an Archive......Page 500
8.5.4 Creating New Archives......Page 501
8.5.6 Writing Data from Sources Other than Files......Page 503
8.5.7 Writing with a ZipInfo Instance......Page 504
8.5.8 Appending to Files......Page 505
8.5.9 Python ZIP Archives......Page 507
8.5.10 Limitations......Page 508
9.1 Hashlib—Cryptographic Hashing......Page 510
9.1.3 SHA-1 Example......Page 511
9.1.4 Creating a Hash by Name......Page 512
9.1.5 Incremental Updates......Page 513
9.2 Hmac—Cryptographic Message Signing and Verification......Page 514
9.2.2 SHA vs. MD5......Page 515
9.2.3 Binary Digests......Page 516
9.2.4 Applications of Message Signatures......Page 517
10.1 Subprocess—Spawning Additional Processes......Page 522
10.1.1 Running External Commands......Page 523
10.1.2 Working with Pipes Directly......Page 527
10.1.3 Connecting Segments of a Pipe......Page 530
10.1.4 Interacting with Another Command......Page 531
10.1.5 Signaling between Processes......Page 533
10.2 Signal—Asynchronous System Events......Page 538
10.2.1 Receiving Signals......Page 539
10.2.2 Retrieving Registered Handlers......Page 540
10.2.4 Alarms......Page 542
10.2.6 Signals and Threads......Page 543
10.3.1 Thread Objects......Page 546
10.3.2 Determining the Current Thread......Page 548
10.3.3 Daemon vs. Non-Daemon Threads......Page 550
10.3.4 Enumerating All Threads......Page 553
10.3.5 Subclassing Thread......Page 554
10.3.6 Timer Threads......Page 556
10.3.7 Signaling between Threads......Page 557
10.3.8 Controlling Access to Resources......Page 558
10.3.9 Synchronizing Threads......Page 564
10.3.10 Limiting Concurrent Access to Resources......Page 565
10.3.11 Thread-Specific Data......Page 567
10.4.1 Multiprocessing Basics......Page 570
10.4.2 Importable Target Functions......Page 571
10.4.3 Determining the Current Process......Page 572
10.4.4 Daemon Processes......Page 573
10.4.5 Waiting for Processes......Page 575
10.4.6 Terminating Processes......Page 577
10.4.7 Process Exit Status......Page 578
10.4.8 Logging......Page 580
10.4.9 Subclassing Process......Page 581
10.4.10 Passing Messages to Processes......Page 582
10.4.11 Signaling between Processes......Page 586
10.4.12 Controlling Access to Resources......Page 587
10.4.13 Synchronizing Operations......Page 588
10.4.14 Controlling Concurrent Access to Resources......Page 589
10.4.15 Managing Shared State......Page 591
10.4.16 Shared Namespaces......Page 592
10.4.17 Process Pools......Page 594
10.4.18 Implementing MapReduce......Page 596
11.1 Socket—Network Communication......Page 602
11.1.1 Addressing, Protocol Families, and Socket Types......Page 603
11.1.2 TCP/IP Client and Server......Page 613
11.1.3 User Datagram Client and Server......Page 621
11.1.4 UNIX Domain Sockets......Page 624
11.1.5 Multicast......Page 628
11.1.6 Sending Binary Data......Page 632
11.1.7 Nonblocking Communication and Timeouts......Page 634
11.2 Select—Wait for I/O Efficiently......Page 635
11.2.1 Using select()......Page 636
11.2.2 Nonblocking I/O with Timeouts......Page 642
11.2.3 Using poll()......Page 644
11.2.4 Platform-Specific Options......Page 649
11.3.2 Server Objects......Page 650
11.3.5 Echo Example......Page 651
11.3.6 Threading and Forking......Page 657
11.4.1 Servers......Page 660
11.4.2 Clients......Page 662
11.4.3 The Event Loop......Page 664
11.4.4 Working with Other Event Loops......Page 666
11.4.5 Working with Files......Page 669
11.5.1 Message Terminators......Page 670
11.5.2 Server and Handler......Page 671
11.5.3 Client......Page 673
11.5.4 Putting It All Together......Page 675
12 THE INTERNET......Page 678
12.1.1 Parsing......Page 679
12.1.2 Unparsing......Page 682
12.1.3 Joining......Page 683
12.2.1 HTTP GET......Page 685
12.2.2 HTTP POST......Page 687
12.2.3 Threading and Forking......Page 689
12.2.4 Handling Errors......Page 690
12.2.5 Setting Headers......Page 691
12.3.1 Simple Retrieval with Cache......Page 692
12.3.2 Encoding Arguments......Page 694
12.3.3 Paths vs. URLs......Page 696
12.4.1 HTTP GET......Page 698
12.4.2 Encoding Arguments......Page 701
12.4.4 Adding Outgoing Headers......Page 702
12.4.5 Posting Form Data from a Request......Page 704
12.4.6 Uploading Files......Page 705
12.4.7 Creating Custom Protocol Handlers......Page 708
12.5.1 Base64 Encoding......Page 711
12.5.2 Base64 Decoding......Page 712
12.5.3 URL-Safe Variations......Page 713
12.5.4 Other Encodings......Page 714
12.6.1 Robots.txt......Page 715
12.6.2 Testing Access Permissions......Page 716
12.6.3 Long-Lived Spiders......Page 717
12.7 Cookie—HTTP Cookies......Page 718
12.7.2 Morsels......Page 719
12.7.3 Encoded Values......Page 721
12.7.4 Receiving and Parsing Cookie Headers......Page 722
12.7.5 Alternative Output Formats......Page 723
12.7.6 Deprecated Classes......Page 724
12.8.1 UUID 1—IEEE 802 MAC Address......Page 725
12.8.2 UUID 3 and 5—Name-Based Values......Page 727
12.8.3 UUID 4—Random Values......Page 729
12.8.4 Working with UUID Objects......Page 730
12.9.1 Encoding and Decoding Simple Data Types......Page 731
12.9.2 Human-Consumable vs. Compact Output......Page 733
12.9.3 Encoding Dictionaries......Page 735
12.9.4 Working with Custom Types......Page 736
12.9.5 Encoder and Decoder Classes......Page 738
12.9.6 Working with Streams and Files......Page 741
12.9.7 Mixed Data Streams......Page 742
12.10 Xmlrpclib—Client Library for XML-RPC......Page 743
12.10.1 Connecting to a Server......Page 745
12.10.2 Data Types......Page 747
12.10.3 Passing Objects......Page 750
12.10.4 Binary Data......Page 751
12.10.6 Combining Calls into One Message......Page 753
12.11.1 A Simple Server......Page 755
12.11.2 Alternate API Names......Page 757
12.11.3 Dotted API Names......Page 759
12.11.4 Arbitrary API Names......Page 760
12.11.5 Exposing Methods of Objects......Page 761
12.11.6 Dispatching Calls......Page 763
12.11.7 Introspection API......Page 765
13.1 Smtplib—Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Client......Page 768
13.1.1 Sending an Email Message......Page 769
13.1.2 Authentication and Encryption......Page 771
13.1.3 Verifying an Email Address......Page 773
13.2.1 Mail Server Base Class......Page 775
13.2.3 Proxy Server......Page 778
13.3 Imaplib—IMAP4 Client Library......Page 779
13.3.2 Connecting to a Server......Page 780
13.3.4 Listing Mailboxes......Page 782
13.3.5 Mailbox Status......Page 785
13.3.6 Selecting a Mailbox......Page 786
13.3.7 Searching for Messages......Page 787
13.3.8 Search Criteria......Page 788
13.3.9 Fetching Messages......Page 790
13.3.10 Whole Messages......Page 793
13.3.11 Uploading Messages......Page 794
13.3.12 Moving and Copying Messages......Page 796
13.3.13 Deleting Messages......Page 797
13.4 Mailbox—Manipulate Email Archives......Page 799
13.4.1 Mbox......Page 800
13.4.2 Maildir......Page 803
13.4.3 Other Formats......Page 809
14 APPLICATION BUILDING BLOCKS......Page 810
14.1 Getopt—Command-Line Option Parsing......Page 811
14.1.2 Short-Form Options......Page 812
14.1.4 A Complete Example......Page 813
14.1.6 GNU-Style Option Parsing......Page 816
14.2.1 Creating an OptionParser......Page 818
14.2.2 Short- and Long-Form Options......Page 819
14.2.3 Comparing with getopt......Page 820
14.2.4 Option Values......Page 822
14.2.5 Option Actions......Page 825
14.2.6 Help Messages......Page 831
14.3 Argparse—Command-Line Option and Argument Parsing......Page 836
14.3.4 Parsing a Command Line......Page 837
14.3.5 Simple Examples......Page 838
14.3.6 Automatically Generated Options......Page 846
14.3.7 Parser Organization......Page 848
14.3.8 Advanced Argument Processing......Page 856
14.4.1 Configuring......Page 864
14.4.2 Completing Text......Page 865
14.4.3 Accessing the Completion Buffer......Page 869
14.4.4 Input History......Page 873
14.4.5 Hooks......Page 875
14.5.1 Example......Page 877
14.5.2 Using getpass without a Terminal......Page 878
14.6.1 Processing Commands......Page 880
14.6.2 Command Arguments......Page 881
14.6.3 Live Help......Page 883
14.6.4 Auto-Completion......Page 884
14.6.5 Overriding Base Class Methods......Page 886
14.6.6 Configuring Cmd through Attributes......Page 888
14.6.7 Running Shell Commands......Page 889
14.6.8 Alternative Inputs......Page 890
14.6.9 Commands from sys.argv......Page 892
14.7.1 Quoted Strings......Page 893
14.7.2 Embedded Comments......Page 895
14.7.4 Including Other Sources of Tokens......Page 896
14.7.5 Controlling the Parser......Page 897
14.7.6 Error Handling......Page 899
14.7.7 POSIX vs. Non-POSIX Parsing......Page 900
14.8 ConfigParser—Work with Configuration Files......Page 902
14.8.2 Reading Configuration Files......Page 903
14.8.3 Accessing Configuration Settings......Page 905
14.8.4 Modifying Settings......Page 910
14.8.5 Saving Configuration Files......Page 912
14.8.6 Option Search Path......Page 913
14.8.7 Combining Values with Interpolation......Page 916
14.9.1 Logging in Applications vs. Libraries......Page 919
14.9.3 Rotating Log Files......Page 920
14.9.4 Verbosity Levels......Page 921
14.9.5 Naming Logger Instances......Page 923
14.10.1 Converting M3U Files to RSS......Page 924
14.10.2 Progress Metadata......Page 927
14.10.3 In-Place Filtering......Page 928
14.11.1 Examples......Page 931
14.11.2 When Are atexit Functions Not Called?......Page 932
14.11.3 Handling Exceptions......Page 934
14.12 Sched—Timed Event Scheduler......Page 935
14.12.1 Running Events with a Delay......Page 936
14.12.2 Overlapping Events......Page 937
14.12.4 Canceling Events......Page 938
15.1 Gettext—Message Catalogs......Page 940
15.1.2 Creating Message Catalogs from Source Code......Page 941
15.1.3 Finding Message Catalogs at Runtime......Page 944
15.1.4 Plural Values......Page 946
15.1.5 Application vs. Module Localization......Page 948
15.1.6 Switching Translations......Page 949
15.2.1 Probing the Current Locale......Page 950
15.2.2 Currency......Page 956
15.2.3 Formatting Numbers......Page 957
15.2.5 Dates and Times......Page 958
16 DEVELOPER TOOLS......Page 960
16.1.2 HTML Help......Page 961
16.2 Doctest—Testing through Documentation......Page 962
16.2.1 Getting Started......Page 963
16.2.2 Handling Unpredictable Output......Page 965
16.2.3 Tracebacks......Page 969
16.2.4 Working around Whitespace......Page 971
16.2.5 Test Locations......Page 977
16.2.6 External Documentation......Page 980
16.2.7 Running Tests......Page 983
16.2.8 Test Context......Page 986
16.3.2 Running Tests......Page 990
16.3.3 Test Outcomes......Page 991
16.3.4 Asserting Truth......Page 993
16.3.5 Testing Equality......Page 994
16.3.6 Almost Equal?......Page 995
16.3.7 Testing for Exceptions......Page 996
16.3.8 Test Fixtures......Page 997
16.3.9 Test Suites......Page 998
16.4.1 Supporting Functions......Page 999
16.4.2 Working with Exceptions......Page 1000
16.4.3 Working with the Stack......Page 1004
16.5 Cgitb—Detailed Traceback Reports......Page 1006
16.5.2 Enabling Detailed Tracebacks......Page 1007
16.5.3 Local Variables in Tracebacks......Page 1009
16.5.4 Exception Properties......Page 1012
16.5.6 Logging Tracebacks......Page 1013
16.6 Pdb—Interactive Debugger......Page 1016
16.6.1 Starting the Debugger......Page 1017
16.6.2 Controlling the Debugger......Page 1020
16.6.3 Breakpoints......Page 1031
16.6.4 Changing Execution Flow......Page 1043
16.6.5 Customizing the Debugger with Aliases......Page 1050
16.6.6 Saving Configuration Settings......Page 1052
16.7 Trace—Follow Program Flow......Page 1053
16.7.2 Tracing Execution......Page 1054
16.7.3 Code Coverage......Page 1055
16.7.4 Calling Relationships......Page 1058
16.7.5 Programming Interface......Page 1059
16.7.6 Saving Result Data......Page 1061
16.8 Profile and pstats—Performance Analysis......Page 1063
16.8.1 Running the Profiler......Page 1064
16.8.2 Running in a Context......Page 1067
16.8.3 Pstats: Saving and Working with Statistics......Page 1068
16.8.4 Limiting Report Contents......Page 1069
16.8.5 Caller / Callee Graphs......Page 1070
16.9.1 Module Contents......Page 1072
16.9.2 Basic Example......Page 1073
16.9.3 Storing Values in a Dictionary......Page 1074
16.9.4 From the Command Line......Page 1076
16.10.1 Compiling One Directory......Page 1078
16.10.2 Compiling sys.path......Page 1079
16.11 Pyclbr—Class Browser......Page 1080
16.11.1 Scanning for Classes......Page 1082
16.11.2 Scanning for Functions......Page 1083
17 RUNTIME FEATURES......Page 1086
17.1.1 Import Path......Page 1087
17.1.2 User Directories......Page 1088
17.1.3 Path Configuration Files......Page 1090
17.1.4 Customizing Site Configuration......Page 1092
17.1.5 Customizing User Configuration......Page 1094
17.1.6 Disabling the site Module......Page 1095
17.2.1 Interpreter Settings......Page 1096
17.2.2 Runtime Environment......Page 1103
17.2.3 Memory Management and Limits......Page 1106
17.2.4 Exception Handling......Page 1112
17.2.5 Low-Level Thread Support......Page 1115
17.2.6 Modules and Imports......Page 1121
17.2.7 Tracing a Program as It Runs......Page 1142
17.3.1 Process Owner......Page 1149
17.3.2 Process Environment......Page 1152
17.3.4 Pipes......Page 1153
17.3.6 File System Permissions......Page 1157
17.3.7 Directories......Page 1159
17.3.8 Symbolic Links......Page 1160
17.3.9 Walking a Directory Tree......Page 1161
17.3.10 Running External Commands......Page 1162
17.3.11 Creating Processes with os.fork()......Page 1163
17.3.12 Waiting for a Child......Page 1166
17.3.14 File System Permissions......Page 1168
17.4.1 Interpreter......Page 1170
17.4.2 Platform......Page 1171
17.4.3 Operating System and Hardware Info......Page 1172
17.4.4 Executable Architecture......Page 1174
17.5.1 Current Usage......Page 1175
17.5.2 Resource Limits......Page 1176
17.6.1 Tracing References......Page 1179
17.6.2 Forcing Garbage Collection......Page 1182
17.6.3 Finding References to Objects that Cannot Be Collected......Page 1187
17.6.4 Collection Thresholds and Generations......Page 1189
17.6.5 Debugging......Page 1192
17.7.1 Configuration Variables......Page 1201
17.7.2 Installation Paths......Page 1204
17.7.3 Python Version and Platform......Page 1208
18 LANGUAGE TOOLS......Page 1210
18.1.1 Categories and Filtering......Page 1211
18.1.2 Generating Warnings......Page 1212
18.1.3 Filtering with Patterns......Page 1213
18.1.4 Repeated Warnings......Page 1215
18.1.5 Alternate Message Delivery Functions......Page 1216
18.1.6 Formatting......Page 1217
18.1.7 Stack Level in Warnings......Page 1218
18.2.2 How Abstract Base Classes Work......Page 1219
18.2.4 Implementation through Subclassing......Page 1220
18.2.5 Concrete Methods in ABCs......Page 1222
18.2.6 Abstract Properties......Page 1223
18.3 Dis—Python Bytecode Disassembler......Page 1227
18.3.2 Disassembling Functions......Page 1228
18.3.3 Classes......Page 1230
18.3.4 Using Disassembly to Debug......Page 1231
18.3.5 Performance Analysis of Loops......Page 1233
18.3.6 Compiler Optimizations......Page 1239
18.4.1 Example Module......Page 1241
18.4.2 Module Information......Page 1242
18.4.3 Inspecting Modules......Page 1244
18.4.4 Inspecting Classes......Page 1245
18.4.5 Documentation Strings......Page 1247
18.4.6 Retrieving Source......Page 1248
18.4.7 Method and Function Arguments......Page 1250
18.4.8 Class Hierarchies......Page 1251
18.4.9 Method Resolution Order......Page 1253
18.4.10 The Stack and Frames......Page 1254
18.5.1 Base Classes......Page 1257
18.5.2 Raised Exceptions......Page 1258
18.5.3 Warning Categories......Page 1274
19.1 Imp—Python’s Import Mechanism......Page 1276
19.1.2 Module Types......Page 1277
19.1.3 Finding Modules......Page 1278
19.1.4 Loading Modules......Page 1279
19.2.1 Example......Page 1281
19.2.2 Finding a Module......Page 1282
19.2.3 Accessing Code......Page 1283
19.2.4 Source......Page 1284
19.2.6 Data......Page 1285
19.3.1 Package Import Paths......Page 1288
19.3.2 Development Versions of Packages......Page 1290
19.3.3 Managing Paths with PKG Files......Page 1292
19.3.4 Nested Packages......Page 1294
19.3.5 Package Data......Page 1296
M......Page 1300
Z......Page 1301
A......Page 1302
B......Page 1305
C......Page 1306
D......Page 1309
E......Page 1312
F......Page 1314
G......Page 1316
I......Page 1318
L......Page 1321
M......Page 1322
N......Page 1324
O......Page 1325
P......Page 1326
Q......Page 1329
R......Page 1330
S......Page 1332
T......Page 1337
U......Page 1340
W......Page 1341
X......Page 1342
Z......Page 1343

✦ Subjects

Библиотека;Компьютерная литература;Python;