The Principle of Legality in International and Comparative Criminal Law

✍ Scribed by Kenneth S. Gallant

• Publisher: Cambridge University Press
• Year: 2008
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 632
• Series: Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book fills a major gap in the scholarly literature concerning international criminal law, comparative criminal law, and human rights law. The principle of legality (non-retroactivity of crimes and punishments and related doctrines) is fundamental to criminal law and human rights law. Yet this is the first book-length study of the status of legality in international law - in international criminal law, international human rights law, and international humanitarian law. This is also the first book to survey legality/non-retroactivity in all national constitutions, developing the patterns of implementation of legality in the various legal systems (e.g., Common Law, Civil Law, Islamic Law, Asian Law) around the world. This is a necessary book for any scholar, practitioner, and library in the area of international, criminal, comparative, human rights, or international humanitarian law.

✦ Table of Contents

Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Dedication......Page 9
Brief Contents......Page 10
Contents......Page 11
Explanatory Note on Spelling......Page 21
Acknowledgments......Page 23
0.a. Retroactivity, justice, and sovereignty......Page 25
0.b.i. Outline of Chapters......Page 28
0.b.ii. Principles and Rules: Two Key Definitions......Page 30
0.c.i. The Argument: Non-retroactivity of Crimes and Punishments......Page 32
0.c.ii. Some Sub-arguments......Page 33
0.c.iii. The Meta-argument: Law as Created by International Criminal Courts and International Organizations in Light of Claims Made by Individuals......Page 34
1 Legality in Criminal Law, Its Purposes, and Its Competitors......Page 35
1.a. Legality in criminal law and the rule of law generally......Page 38
1.b. Purposes of legality in criminal law......Page 43
1.b.i. Human Rights Protective Purposes......Page 44
1.b.ii. Legality and Legitimacy......Page 47
1.b.iii. Separation of Powers, Democracy, and Legality in National and International Law......Page 48
1.b.iv. Legality and the Purposes of Criminalization......Page 50
1.b.iv.A. Accountability, Restorative Justice, and Reconciliation: Purposes of Criminal Law Applying Specifically, but Not Exclusively, to International Criminal Law and Post-conflict Societies......Page 54
1.c.i. Indeterminacy of Language and Impossibility of Pure Non-retroactivity......Page 55
1.c.i.A. Statutory Interpretation as Eroding Legality......Page 57
1.c.i.B. Common Law Development of Criminal Law......Page 59
1.c.ii. Crime Creation by Analogy in Civil Law......Page 60
1.c.iv. Legality as a Principle with Limited or No Binding Effect in International Criminal Law......Page 62
1.c.vi. Defenses That Do Not Go to Whether an Act Is Criminal......Page 63
1.c.viii. Change of Name, Character, or Jurisdiction of Offenses......Page 64
1.c.viii.A. In International Courts......Page 65
1.c.ix. Collective Punishment or Punishment of Hostages......Page 66
1.c.x. Authoritarianism and Anti-legality......Page 68
2 A Partial History to World War II......Page 70
2.a.i. Civil Law and Common Law......Page 71
2.b. Literacy and accessibility of criminal law......Page 79
2.c.i. The Versailles Settlement and Criminal Law Legality......Page 80
2.c.ii.A. The End of Legality in the Weimar Republic's Laws......Page 83
2.c.ii.B. Danzig's Abandonment of Legality and the Permanent Court of International Justice Response......Page 86
2.c.ii.C. Other Dictatorships: The Soviet Union and Italy......Page 88
3 Nuremberg, Tokyo, and Other Postwar Cases......Page 91
3.a. Violations of the laws and customs of war as criminal before nuremberg: atrocities and other crimes......Page 93
3.a.i. Beyond Traditional War-Crime Atrocities......Page 96
3.b.i. Anti-legality: Churchill and Morgenthau Favor Summary Executions......Page 97
3.b.ii. The London Conference: The French Oppose Ex Post Facto Crime Creation; the Americans, Soviets, and British Favor Plenary Power to Define Crimes......Page 100
3.b.ii.A. Negotiating the Ex Post Facto Issue at London......Page 111
3.b.iii.A. The Indictment and Preliminary Defense Motion......Page 115
3.b.iii.B. Arguments of the Prosecutors......Page 117
3.b.iii.C. The Defense Arguments......Page 123
3.b.iii.c.i. Authority of the charter versus the principle of legality......Page 124
3.b.iii.c.ii. Crimes against peace (aggressive war) and conspiracy......Page 126
3.b.iii.c.iii. War crimes and crimes against humanity......Page 128
3.b.iv. The Nuremberg Judgment......Page 134
3.b.iv.A. The Crime Against Peace (Aggressive War and War in Breach of Treaties) and Conspiracy......Page 139
3.b.iv.B. War Crimes......Page 141
3.b.iv.C. Crimes Against Humanity......Page 143
3.b.iv.D. Summary of the Main Nuremberg Judgment......Page 149
3.b.iv.E. Divisions within the Nuremberg Tribunal? Judges Nikitchenko and Donnedieu de Vabres......Page 150
3.c. Legality in other postwar cases (mostly from europe)......Page 153
3.c.i. Recognition That an Act Is Criminal under Some Applicable Law When Committed as the Key to Legality of Crimes......Page 154
3.c.ii. Against Legality: Retroactive Criminalization of Moral Wrongs and Non-Criminal Legal Violations......Page 158
3.c.iii. Retrospective Expansion of Jurisdiction in the Post–World War II National Courts......Page 159
3.c.iv. Members of Criminal Organizations in the Nuremberg Charter and Control Council Law No. 10: Retroactivity and Collective Punishment......Page 160
3.d.i. The IMTFE Charter......Page 163
3.d.ii. The Majority IMTFE Judgment: Based in Existing International Law?......Page 166
3.d.iii.A. Justice Jaranilla (Philippines): Retroactivity Permissible in International Criminal Law......Page 167
3.d.iii.C. Justice Roling (Netherlands): Retroactivity Permissible in International Criminal Law as Alternative to "Political" Disposition; Nullum Crimen Not a Principle of Justice......Page 168
3.d.iii.D. Justice Bernard (France): Natural Law Is Not Retroactive Law......Page 171
3.d.iii.E. Justice Pal (India): Against Retroactive Creation of Crimes; Admitting Retrospective Creation of Tribunals......Page 174
3.e. If the nuremberg and tokyo judgments violated the principle of legality, can they nonetheless form the basis of legitimate law? justice pal answers......Page 176
3.f. Conclusion......Page 179
4 Modern Development of International Human Rights Law: Practice Involving Multilateral Treaties and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights......Page 180
4.a.i. The Text......Page 182
4.a.ii. History and Travaux Preparatoires of the UDHR Non-retroactivity Provision (and Beginnings of the ICCPR Provision)......Page 184
4.b.i. The Text......Page 199
4.b.ii.A. Beginnings, Through Spring 1950 (Sixth Session of the Commission on Human Rights)......Page 202
4.b.ii.B. 1952 and Beyond......Page 212
4.b.ii.C. General Principles of Law: No Exception to Legality Intended......Page 215
4.c. The convention on the rights of the child: universality of nullum crimen and prohibiting even accusations of retroactive crime......Page 225
4.d. The regional human rights treaties: european, american, african, arab......Page 226
4.d.ii. American Convention on Human Rights: Broadening of Procedural Protections......Page 227
4.d.iv. Revised Arab Charter on Human Rights......Page 229
4.e. Non-derogability of legality in the treaties......Page 230
4.f.i. Non-retroactivity......Page 231
4.f.ii. Against Collective Punishments and Hostage Taking to Ensure Good Behavior......Page 235
4.g. Reservations to provisions on legality by parties to the worldwide treaties......Page 237
4.g.i. Lack of Reservations in the Treaties for Ta'azir Crimes in Islamic Law and Lack of Persistent Objection......Page 238
4.h. Limits to rule of legality in modern treaties: statutory interpretation, common law case development, and civil law analogy......Page 241
4.i. Patterns of treaty nonparticipation......Page 248
4.j. Individual, state, and international organization ability to raise legality in criminal proceedings as an international law claim under the treaties......Page 249
4.k. Status of actions discussed in this chapter under international law......Page 252
5.a. Content and limitations of the material in this chapter and the appendices on national law......Page 255
5.b. Legality in constitutions of the world in 1946-47......Page 261
5.c. Non-retroactivity of crimes and punishments in national legal systems today: at least a general principle of law......Page 265
5.c.i. Sources of the Requirement of Non-retroactivity of Crimes and Punishments in National Law......Page 267
5.c.ii. Non-retroactivity in the Constitutional Texts: Act Focus and Law Focus......Page 275
5.c.iii. Crimes According to International Law and General Principles of Law in the Constitutional Non-retroactivity Provisions and in National Judicial Practice......Page 285
5.c.iv. Modern Adoption or Readoption of Legality by Major States That Had Rejected It......Page 289
5.c.v.A. Lex mitior, and the Issue of Mixing Nullum crimen, Nulla poena, and Lex mitior......Page 295
5.c.v.B. Legality and Freedom in the Modern Constitutions......Page 298
5.c.v.D. Narrow Interpretation and Analogy in the Constitutions......Page 299
5.c.v.E. Retroactive Expansion of National Jurisdiction: Domestic Incorporation of Crimes under the Law of Another State or Crimes under International Law – A Current Version of Retroactive Re-characterization?......Page 300
5.c.vi. Exceptions and Possible Exceptions to Non-retroactivity of Crimes and Punishments......Page 302
5.c.vii. Representation (or Vicarious) Jurisdiction: A Challenge for Legality......Page 306
5.c.viii. What Is Punishment for Purposes of Invoking the Non-retroactivity Rules of Criminal Law? A Brief Note......Page 311
5.d. Non-retroactivity of court creation and prohibitions of special courts......Page 314
5.e. Personal punishment and rejection of collective punishment: also general principles of law......Page 317
5.f. The status of national constitutions and other internal legal acts of states as state practice for constituting customary international human rights law......Page 323
5.g. The transformation of legality in national law since world war II......Page 325
6 Legality in the Modern International and Internationalized Criminal Courts and in the UN Trust Territories......Page 327
6.a. Legality in the icty, ictr, and scsl (and the nascent lebanon tribunal)......Page 328
6.a.i. Non-retroactivity (Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege) in These Courts Generally......Page 329
6.a.i.A. The Special Case of Contempt in the ICTY......Page 333
6.a.ii. Legality as a Jurisdictional and Substantive Issue, Right of the Individual to Complain, and the International Legal Personality of the Individual......Page 335
6.a.ii.A. Claim of Violation of Non-retroactivity as Issue Individuals May Raise and Court Must Consider......Page 336
6.a.ii.B. Argument That Court Created by an International Organization Should Not Examine Whether a Prosecution Is Prohibited by Rule of Nullum crimen, so Long as the Crime Is Named in the Organic Documents of the Court......Page 338
6.a.iii.A. Claims That These Courts Are Not Established by Law: Powers of International Organizations, the International Legal Personality of Individuals, and the Issue of Special Courts......Page 340
6.a.iii.B. Creating New Jurisdictions Retrospectively......Page 342
6.a.iv. Retroactive Re-characterization of Crime in These Tribunals?......Page 344
6.a.v. Note on Legality in the Special Tribunal for Lebanon......Page 348
6.b.i. The Internationalized Tribunals......Page 349
6.c. The icc and the principle of legality......Page 355
6.c.i. Situations Involving Only States Parties to the ICC Statute at All Relevant Times......Page 357
6.b.ii. A Note on Legality in UN Trust Territories as Another Example of International Organization and National Practice......Page 354
6.c.iii. Legality as a Jurisdictional Issue in the ICC......Page 367
6.d. Status of actions of the security council, other un bodies, and the recent international criminal courts and tribunals under international law......Page 368
6.d.i. Practice and Opinio juris of International Organizations, Including International Tribunals, as Contributing to Customary International Law and General Principles of Law......Page 371
7.a. The core rules of legality in customary international law......Page 376
7.b. Elaboration of the core rules: nullum crimen......Page 381
7.b.i.A. Indeterminacy of Language and the Necessity of a Foreseeability Doctrine......Page 383
7.b.i.B. Foreseeability and the Development of Criminal Law by Judicial Decision, Statutory Interpretation, and Analogy......Page 384
7.b.i.C. Foreseeability, Lex certa, and the Void-for-Vagueness Doctrine......Page 386
7.b.i.D. Foreseeability and Accessibility......Page 387
7.b.i.E. Dangers of the Foreseeability Doctrine and Limitations on the Doctrine......Page 388
7.b.ii.A. Retroactive Re-characterization of a Crime as International, or as a Different Type of International Crime, in National or International Courts......Page 391
7.b.ii.B. Legality and the Debate over Direct Application of International Criminal Law in National Courts......Page 393
7.b.ii.C. Universal Jurisdiction over International Law Crimes......Page 394
7.b.ii.D. Representation (Vicarious) Jurisdiction and Legality......Page 395
7.b.ii.E. Purely National Re-Characterization......Page 396
7.b.iii. General Principles of Law as a Source of Applicable Criminal Law......Page 397
7.b.iv. Criticism of International Criminal Law as Generally Violating Principles of Legality......Page 398
7.b.v. Defenses......Page 399
7.b.vi. The Right Not to Be Prosecuted......Page 400
7.c. Elaboration and discussion of the core rules: nulla poena......Page 402
7.c.i. Nulla poena as Applicable to Crimes under International Law......Page 403
7.c.ii. Criticism of Nulla poena as Inapplicable to International Criminal Law......Page 407
7.c.iii.A. Nulla poena Where There Has Been a Retroactive Re-Characterization of a National Crime into an International Crime......Page 413
7.c.iii.B. Nulla poena and Re-Characterization of Crimes in National Courts: Universal Jurisdiction over International Law Crimes......Page 414
7.c.v. Nulla poena and General Principles of Law......Page 415
7.c.vi. Nulla poena as Applying to Punishments Only, and Not to Other Sanctions......Page 416
7.d. Nullum crimen, nulla poena as binding international organizations and international courts......Page 417
7.e.i. Creation of New Courts or Expansion of Jurisdiction of Existing Courts......Page 418
7.f. Personality of punishment and prohibition of collective punishments......Page 419
7.g. Right of the individual to raise claim of violation of legality as a matter of international law, and the international legal personality of individuals......Page 421
7.h. International law legality, national law legality, and the prosecution of core international law crimes in national courts......Page 422
7.i. Jus cogens status for non-retroactivity of crimes and punishments?......Page 423
7.j. International organizations as participants in the process of creating customary and other binding international law......Page 426
Conclusion: The Endurance of Legality in National and International Criminal Law......Page 428
Appendix a: Chart of Non-retroactivity Provisions in Criminal Law by Nations......Page 435
Appendix b: Legality and Non-retroactivity Provisions as of 1946-47......Page 449
Appendix c: Constitutional and Other National Provisions Implementing the Principle of Legality Today......Page 462
Books......Page 565
Articles, Book Chapters, Papers, Lectures, and Other Writings......Page 571
European Court of Human Rights and European Commission on Human Rights......Page 577
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia......Page 578
Permanent Court of International Justice......Page 579
United Nations Human Rights Committee under the ICCPR......Page 580
Germany......Page 581
Singapore......Page 582
International Sources......Page 583
United Nations Documents......Page 586
National Sources......Page 591
Other Official Sources (National)......Page 601
Index......Page 603
5.c.i. Sources of the Requirement of Non-Retroactivity of Crimes and Punishments in National Law......Page 623
5.c.ii. Non-Retroactivity in the Constitutional Texts: Act Focus and Law Focus......Page 624
5.c.iii. Crimes According to International Law and General Principles of Law in the Constitutional Non-Retroactivity Provisions and in National Judicial Practice......Page 626
5.c.v.E. Retroactive Expansion of National Jurisdiction: Domestic Incorporation of Crimes under the Law of Another State or Crimes under International Law – A Current Version of Retroactive Re-Characterization?......Page 627

✦ Subjects

Юридические дисциплины;Международное публичное право;Международное уголовное право;