The Power Grid: Smart, Secure, Green and Reliable

✍ Scribed by Adam Sorini, Ahmad Shahsiah, Brian D’Andrade (editor)

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2017
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 340
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The Power Grid: Smart, Secure, Green and Reliable offers a diverse look at the traditional engineering and physics aspects of power systems, also examining the issues affecting clean power generation, power distribution, and the new security issues that could potentially affect the availability and reliability of the grid.

With truly multidisciplinary content, including failure analysis of various systems, photovoltaic, wind power, quality issues with clean power, high-voltage DC transmission, electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic interference, privacy concerns, and data security, this reference is relevant to anyone interested in the broad area of the power grid.

• Discusses state-of-the-art trends and issues in power grid reliability
• Provides examples of new technologies
• Reviews basic power engineering
• Introduces data analytics for big data

✦ Table of Contents

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The Power Grid
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Copyright
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List of Figures
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List of Tables
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List of Contributors
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Preface
shahsiah2017
1 Evolution of the Traditional Power System
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Background
1.1.2 History and Outlook
1.1.3 Future Trends and Drives
1.1.4 Outline of the Chapters
1.2 Electric Power System Fundamentals
1.2.1 Background
1.2.2 Characteristics and Fundamentals
1.2.2.1 Phasor Representation and Passive Components
1.2.2.2 Power in AC Circuits
1.2.3 Steady State Operations
1.2.3.1 Three-Phase Circuits
1.2.3.2 Power Transformers
1.2.3.3 Per-Unit Calculations
1.2.3.4 Distribution Line Model
1.2.4 Transients and Abnormal Conditions
1.2.4.1 Three-Phase Unbalanced Circuits
1.2.4.2 Symmetrical Components
1.2.4.3 Unsymmetrical Faults and System Protection
1.2.5 Reactive Power Compensation
1.3 Evolution and Outlook
1.3.1 Existing Grid Versus Smart Grid
1.3.2 Evolution and Challenges
1.3.3 Emerging Standards and Regulations
References
edris2017
2 Transmission Grid Smart Technologies
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Smart Electric Transmission Grid: A Definition
2.3 Smart Grid Road Map
2.4 Understanding Transmission System Performance and Operation
2.4.1 Electric Power Transfer Fundamentals
2.4.2 Real and Reactive Power Flow
2.4.3 Controlling Power Flow Parameters
2.5 Role of Power Electronics in Smart Transmission Grids
2.5.1 Power Electronics-Based Transmission Controllers
2.5.2 Functional Applications of FACTS Technology
2.5.3 Marcy Substation
2.5.4 Inez Substation
2.5.5 Segmentation and Grid Shock Absorber
2.6 Functional Applications of HVDC Transmission Technology
2.7 Monitoring
2.7.1 Dynamic Line Ratings: A Smart Technology for Increased Transmission Capacity
2.8 Synchro-Phasor Measurement Technology
2.9 Conclusion and Outlook
References
sinenian2017
3 Advances in Power Converters
3.1 Introduction to Power Conversion
3.1.1 Power Conversion in the Grid
3.1.2 Smart Power Converters for the Smart Grid
3.2 Power Electronics and Solid-State Transformers
3.2.1 Solid-State Transformers
3.2.2 Advances in Semiconductor Devices
3.2.2.1 Power MOSFETs
3.2.2.2 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs)
3.2.2.3 Wide Bandgap MOSFETs and IGBTs
3.3 Grid Integration of Distributed Power Sources
3.3.1 Integration of Renewables
3.3.1.1 Power Conversion for PV
3.3.1.2 Power Conversion for Wind
3.3.2 Energy Storage Systems
3.4 Integration of EVs
3.4.1 EV Power Demands and Consumption
3.4.2 Fast and Smart Chargers
3.4.3 EV Inverters
3.4.4 Role of EVs in the Smart Grid
3.5 Future Trends
References
pinnangudi2017
4 Smart Grid Energy Storage
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Energy Storage Systems (ESS)—A Key Enabler to Smart Grids
4.1.2 Market Demand—Need for ESS
4.1.3 Implementation of Energy Storage—Challenges
4.1.4 Storage Technologies—Metrics
4.1.5 Chapter Outline
4.2 Energy Storage Technologies
4.2.1 Overview of Technologies
4.2.2 Pumped Hydro Energy Storage
4.2.3 Compressed Air Energy Storage
4.2.4 Flywheel
4.2.5 Lead–Acid Batteries
4.2.6 Lithium-ion Batteries
4.2.7 Sodium Sulfur Batteries
4.2.8 Nickel-Based Batteries (NiCd and NiMH)
4.2.9 Flow Batteries (Vanadium Redox)
4.2.10 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
4.2.11 Electrochemical Capacitors—Power
4.3 Energy Storage Applications
4.3.1 Overview of Energy Storage Applications
4.3.2 Energy Management Applications
4.3.2.1 Grid Stabilization
4.3.2.2 Renewables Integration
4.3.2.3 Backup Energy Reserves
4.3.3 Power Management Applications
4.3.3.1 Power Quality
4.3.3.2 Frequency Regulation
4.3.3.3 Time Shifting
4.3.3.4 Load Following
4.3.3.5 Peak Shaving
4.3.3.6 Transient Stability
4.4 Key Challenges to Widespread Deployment
4.4.1 Cost Competitiveness
4.4.2 Other Challenges
4.4.2.1 Regulatory Hurdles
4.4.2.2 Limited Industry Acceptance
4.5 Trends and Future Outlook
4.5.1 Introduction
4.5.2 Technology Trends
4.6 Market and Regulatory Trends
4.6.1 State Level
4.6.2 National Level
References
cotts2017
5 Electromagnetic Interference Considerations for Electrical Power Systems
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sources of EMI
5.2.1 Corona
5.2.1.1 Characteristics
5.2.1.2 Frequency Spectrum of EMI
5.2.1.3 Susceptibility to EMI From Corona
5.2.1.4 Mitigation
5.2.2 Scattering and Reflection
5.2.3 Field Effects and Induction
5.2.3.1 Electrostatic Coupling
5.2.3.2 Magnetic Induction
5.2.3.3 Potential Field Effect Issues
5.2.3.3.1 Pipelines
5.2.3.3.2 Medical Devices
5.3 Worker and Public Safety
5.3.1 Coupling of EMF to Persons
5.3.2 Standards and Guidelines
5.3.3 Public Health Issues
5.4 Summary
5.4.1 Future Trends and Other References
5.4.2 Conclusion
References
cotts2017_2
6 HVDC Transmission for Renewable Energy Integration
6.1 Introduction
6.2 History of HVDC
6.3 High Voltage Direct Current Converter Station Technologies
6.3.1 LCC Based HVDC Applications
6.3.2 Voltage Sourced Converter (VSC)
6.3.3 HVDC Technologies: State-of-the-Development
6.4 HVDC Transmission Configurations
6.4.1 Monopolar
6.4.2 Bipolar
6.4.3 Back-to-Back
6.4.4 Multi-Terminal
6.5 AC Versus DC
6.5.1 Benefits of DC
6.5.2 Cost Structure: DC Versus AC Transmission Lines
6.5.3 Limitations of DC
6.6 Summary
6.6.1 Future Trends
6.6.2 Additional References
6.7 Conclusion
References
medora2017
7 Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Smart Grids
7.1 Introduction
7.2 System Architecture
7.2.1 Alternate Power Sources
7.3 Energy Load to the US Grid System
7.4 Industry Trends for the Emerging Smart Grid
7.5 Unequal Utilization of the Distribution Transformer Thermal Life With Vehicle Charging
7.6 Hotspot Temperature in a Distribution Transformer With Vehicle Charging
7.7 Overview of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles
7.8 Distributed Power Generation With Super Capacitor Storage
7.9 Load Flow and Power Flow Demand
7.10 Synergistic Operation of Hybrid Vehicles and the Smart Grid
7.11 Availability of the Hybrid Vehicle for V2G Ancillary Services
7.12 Charging Systems for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
7.13 Hybrid Vehicle as a Miniature Power System
7.14 Impact of EVs and PHEVs on the Distribution System With and Without V2G
7.15 V2G Complexities for Hybrid Vehicle Systems
7.16 Interconnection and Communication Standards for V2G Power
7.17 Hybrid Vehicle as a Stand-Alone Emergency Power System
7.18 Vehicle to Grid of the Future
7.19 Expectations for the Future
References
sorini2017
8 Cybersecurity for the Smart Grid
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Cybersecurity Best Practices and Guidelines for the Power Industry
8.2.1 Risk-Based Thinking
8.2.2 C2M2 for Cybersecurity
8.2.3 ES-C2M2 for Cybersecurity
8.2.4 Specific Smart Grid Related Cybersecurity Guidance and Regulations
8.3 Cybersecurity Risk Assessments and Tools
8.3.1 Penetration Testing
8.3.2 Preliminary Hazards Analysis
8.3.3 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
8.3.4 Fault Tree Analysis
8.4 Challenges and Conclusions
Further Reading
phan2017
9 Big Data and Monitoring the Grid
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Smart Grid Big Data Challenge
9.2.1 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems (SCADA)
9.2.2 Smart Meters
9.2.3 Intelligent Electronic Devices
9.3 Informative Feature Extraction
9.3.1 Waveform Characteristics
9.3.1.1 Short-Time Fourier Transform
9.3.1.2 Wavelet Transform
9.3.1.3 S-Transform
9.3.1.4 Hilbert–Huang Transform
9.3.2 Consumption-Related Features
9.3.2.1 Environmental Factors
9.3.2.2 Site-Specific Factors
9.4 Event Monitoring
9.4.1 Power Quality Disturbance
9.4.2 Intrusion
9.4.3 Islanding
9.4.3.1 Remote Islanding Detection Techniques
9.4.3.2 Local Islanding Detection Techniques
9.5 Energy Consumption Forecasting
9.5.1 Forecasting Techniques
9.5.1.1 Demand Response
9.5.1.2 Price Forecasting
9.6 Visualization
9.6.1 Maps
9.6.2 Networks
9.6.3 Virtual Grid
9.7 Big Data Infrastructure
9.8 Future Trends
References
shai2017
10 Prognostics for the Power Industry
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Aging Electrical Infrastructure
10.1.2 Outages and Safety Hazards
10.1.3 Maintenance Strategies
10.1.4 Cost of Outages
10.2 Statistical Reliability and Prognostics
10.2.1 Existing Statistical Reliability Techniques
10.2.1.1 Failure Events
10.2.1.1.1 Catastrophic Failure
10.2.1.1.2 Degradation Failure
10.2.1.1.3 Intermittent Failure
10.2.1.1.4 Drift Failure
10.2.1.2 Reliability Modeling
10.2.1.3 Reliability as a Function of Time
10.2.1.3.1 Modeling the Expected Lifetime of Power Transformers
10.2.2 Benefits of Prognostics
10.3 Prognostics for Utility Infrastructure
10.3.1 Beyond Traditional Reliability
10.3.2 Prognostics of a Power Transformer
10.4 Large Scale Grid Health Monitoring
10.4.1 Phasor Measurement Units
10.4.2 Prognostic Capabilities Enabled by PMUs
10.5 Prognostics for Residences
10.6 Future Trends
References
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Index