1 Early Modern Asia: Geopolitics And Economic Change 11 -- Fifteenth- And Sixteenth-century States 13 -- The Circulation Of Elites 22 -- Towards A Taxonomy 27 -- Long-term Trends 30 -- 2 Portuguese State And Society, 1200-1500 33 -- Crown And Nobility 33 -- In Search Of A Bourgeoisie 40 -- Mercantilism And Messianism 48 -- Summing Up 55 -- 3 Two Patterns And Their Logic: Creating An Empire, 1498-1540 59 -- The Early Expeditions 50 -- From Almeida To Albuquerque: Defining The First Pattern 67 -- The Second Pattern: East Of Cape Comorin 74 -- The Logic At Work: Portuguese Asia, 1525-40 78 -- Towards The Crisis 83 -- Notes 85 -- 4 The Mid-sixteenth-century Crisis 87 -- The Dilemmas Of Joanine Policy 88 -- SΓ‘s, Sousas, And Castros: Portuguese Asian Officialdom In The Crisis 95 -- The Mid-century Debate 104 -- The Far Eastern Solution 107 -- The Estado In 1570 113 -- Notes 114 -- 5 Between Land-bound And Sea-borne: Reorientations, 1570-1610 115 -- Trade And Conquest: The Spanish View 116 -- Spain, Portugal, And The Atlantic Turning 120 -- Girdling The Globe 124 -- The Land Question 130 -- The Maritime Challenge 141 -- Concessions And Captains-major 145 -- The Beginnings Of Decline? 159 -- 6 Empire In Retreat, 1610-1665 153 -- Political Reconsolidation In Asia, 1570-1610 154 -- Syriam And Hurmuz: The Beginnings Of Retreat 160 -- Reform And Its Consequences 167 -- The Decade Of Disasters: Portuguese Asia In The 1630s 172 -- Restoration, Truce, And Failure, 1640-52 181 -- The Retreat Completed, 1652-65 186 -- Asians, Europeans, And The Retreat 188 -- Notes 189 -- 7 Niches And Networks: Staying On, 1665-1700 191 -- The Cape Route And The Bahia Trade 192 -- The Vicissitudes Of The Estado: The View From Goa 198 -- Mozambique, Munhumutapa, And Prazo Creation 206 -- The Portuguese Of The Bay Of Bengal 211 -- Survival In The Far East: Macau And Timor 217 -- The Portuguese, Dutch, And English: A Comparison 222 -- 8 Portuguese Asian Society I: The Official Realm 227 -- The Problem Of Numbers 228 -- The World Of The Casado 236 -- Networks, Fortunes, And Patronage 243 -- Portuguese And Foreigner 250 -- Rise Of The Solteiro 253 -- The Impact On Portugal 257 -- 9 Portuguese Asian Society Ii: The Frontier And Beyond 261 -- Renegades And Rebels 262 -- Mercenaries, Firearms, And Fifth Columnists 269 -- Converts And Client Communities 274 -- A Luso-asian Diaspora? 279 -- 10 Conclusion: Between Banditry And Capitalism 285. Sanjay Subrahmanyam. First Published In 1993 By Longman, London. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [307]-321) And Index.