The Neurophysiological Bases of Auditory Perception
Preface
About the Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1
Otoacoustic Emissions Theories Can Be Tested with Behavioral Methods
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Methods
1.2.1 Listeners
1.2.2 Optimal Rules
1.2.3 Behavioral Rules
1.2.3.1 Common Procedures
1.2.3.2 TMC Stimuli
1.2.3.3 GOFM Stimuli
1.2.3.4 GOSM Stimuli
1.3 Results and Discussion
1.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2
Basilar Membrane Responses to Simultaneous Presentations of White Noise and a Single Tone
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Methods
2.2.1 Physiological Recordings and Data Analysis
2.2.2 Computer Modeling
2.3 Results
2.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 3
The Influence of the Helicotrema on Low-Frequency Hearing
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methods
3.2.1 Forward-Middle-Ear-Transfer Function
3.2.2 Hearing Thresholds and Equal-Loudness-Contours
3.2.3 Subjects
3.3 Results
3.4 Discussion
3.4.1 Comparison Between fMETF and ELC
3.4.2 Agreement with Isophons (ISO 389-7 2005)
3.4.3 A Possible Cochlear Origin of Low-Frequency Hypersensitivity or Tinnitus
3.5 Summary
References
Chapter 4
Mechanisms of Masking by Schroeder-Phase Complexes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Experiment: Effects of Masker Duration in Masking by On- and Off-Frequency Schroeder-Phase Complexes
4.3 Methods
4.4 Results and Discussion
4.5 Model Predictions
4.5.1 Model Description
4.5.2 Model Predictions
4.5.3 Simulating the Effect of the MOCR
4.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5
The Frequency Selectivity of Gain Reduction Masking: Analysis Using Two Equally-Effective Maskers
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Method
5.2.1 Subjects
5.2.2 Stimuli
5.2.3 Procedures
5.2.4 Experiments
5.2.4.1 Experiment 1: Off-Frequency GOM
5.2.4.2 Experiment 2: PTCs
5.2.4.3 Experiment 3: Combined Maskers
5.2.4.4 Experiment 4: Control Experiment
5.3 Results
5.3.1 GOM Data (masking data for M2)
5.3.2 PTC Data (Masking Data for M1)
5.3.3 Combined Masker Data and Control Experiment
5.4 Modeling
5.4.1 Additivity Model
5.4.2 Gain Reduction Model
5.4.3 Modeling Results
5.4.3.1 Additivity Model
5.4.3.2 Gain Reduction Model
5.5 Discussion
References
Chapter 6
Investigating Cortical Descending Control of the Peripheral Auditory System
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methods
6.2.1 Anaesthesia and Surgical Preparation
6.2.2 Stimulus Presentation and Neuronal Recordings
6.2.3 Cortical Cooling
6.3 Results
6.3.1 Effect of Cortical Inactivation on the Contralateral Cochlea
6.3.2 Effect of Cortical Inactivation on the Ipsilateral Cochlea
6.4 Discussion
6.5 Comment by Stefan Strahl
6.6 Reply Alan R. Palmer
References
Chapter 7
Exploiting Transgenic Mice to Explore the Role of the Tectorial Membrane in Cochlear Sensory Processing
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Three Tectorin Mutants
7.2.1 Tecta Mice
7.2.2 Y1870C Missense Mutation in TECTA
7.2.3 Beta Tectorin Mice: Sharpened Cochlear Tuning in a Mouse with a Genetically Modified Tectorial Membrane
7.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8
Auditory Prepulse Inhibition of Neuronal Activity in the Rat Cochlear Root Nucleus
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Materials and Methods
8.2.1 Animals, Surgery, and Stereotaxic Approach
8.2.2 Stimulation, Data Collection, and Analyses
8.3 Results
8.3.1 Electrophysiological Identification of Cochlear Root Neurons
8.3.2 Auditory Prepulse Inhibition of Cochlear Root Neurons Response
8.3.3 Does Auditory Prepulse Inhibition Occur in Neurons Types of the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus?
8.4 Discussion
8.4.1 Auditory Prepulse Inhibition as a Specialized Mechanism of Neuronal Inhibition in the Cochlear Root Nucleus
8.4.2 Proposed Mediating Circuit for the Auditory Prepulse Inhibition of the ASR Based on Interstimulus Intervals
References
Chapter 9
FM Forward Masking: Implications for FM Processing
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Procedure and Methods
9.3 Results
9.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 10
Electrophysiological Correlates of Intensity Resolution Under Forward Masking
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Method
10.3 Results and Discussion
10.3.1 Sensitivity
10.3.2 Auditory-Evoked Potentials
10.3.3 Relation Between the Behavioral and Electrophysiological Consequences of Forward Masking
10.4 Summary
References
Chapter 11
Neuronal Measures of Threshold and Magnitude of Forward Masking in Primary Auditory Cortex
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Methods
11.2.1 Physiological Recordings
11.2.2 Stimuli
11.2.3 Estimation of Probe Thresholds
11.3 Results
11.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 12
Effect of Presence of Cue Tone on Tuning of Auditory Filter Derived from Simultaneous Masking
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Simultaneous Masking with Notched-Noise Masker
12.2.1 Methods
12.2.2 Results
12.3 Estimates of Tuning of Auditory Filter Derived from Notched-Noise Masking Data
12.4 Simultaneous Masking with Band-Pass Noise Masker
12.4.1 Method
12.4.2 Results
12.5 Estimates of Tuning of Auditory Filter Derived from Band-Pass Noise Masking Data
12.6 Summary
12.7 Comment by Andrew Oxenham
12.8 Reply Shunsuke Kidani
References
Chapter 13
Tone-in-Noise Detection: Observed Discrepancies in Spectral Integration
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Experiment
13.2.1 Method and Stimuli
13.3 Results
13.4 Discussion
13.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14
Linear and Nonlinear Coding of Sound Spectra by Discharge Rate in Neurons Comprising the Ascending Pathway Through the Latera
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Methods
14.3 Results
14.3.1 General Properties of Spectral Weight Functions
14.3.2 Testing the Validity of Spectral Weight Functions
14.3.3 Spectral Weight Function Properties for the Different Neuron Types
14.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 15
Enhancement in the Marmoset Inferior Colliculus: Neural Correlates of Perceptual βPop-Outβ
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Methods
15.3 Results
15.3.1 Examples of Conditioner Influence on Target Response
15.3.2 Response Dependence on Notch Width and Isolation of Conditioner Components
15.3.3 Enhancement is Not Coupled to the Presence of Postinhibitory Rebound Spikes
15.4 Discussion
15.4.1 Neural Mechanisms Underlying Enhancement
15.4.2 Comparison with Perception
15.4.3 Additional Considerations
15.5 Comment by Skyler Jennings
15.6 Reply by Paul Nelson
References
Chapter 16
Auditory Temporal Integration at Threshold: Evidence of a Cortical Origin
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Theory
16.3 Auditory Evoked Field at Threshold Revisited
16.3.1 Data
16.3.2 Amplitude Analysis
16.3.3 Latency Analysis
16.3.4 Discussion
16.4 Auditory Evoked Response to a Series of Tone Pulses
16.4.1 Methods
16.4.2 Results
16.4.3 Discussion
16.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 17
Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Cortical Responses to a New Dichotic Pitch Stimulus
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Methods
17.2.1 Stimuli
17.2.2 Experiment 1: Pitch Matching
17.2.3 Experiment 2: MEG
17.3 Results
17.3.1 Experiment 1: Pitch Matching
17.3.2 Experiment 2: MEG Data
17.3.3 Discussion
References
Chapter 18
A Temporal Code for Huggins Pitch?
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Methods
18.2.1 Listeners
18.2.2 Stimuli
18.2.3 F0DL Measurement Procedure
18.2.4 FFR Recording Procedure
18.3 Results
18.3.1 F0DLs
18.3.2 FFR
18.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 19
Understanding Pitch Perception as a Hierarchical Process with Top-Down Modulation
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Methods
19.2.1 Feed-Forward Processing
19.2.2 Feed-Back Processing
19.3 Results and Discussion
References
Chapter 20
The Harmonic Organization of Auditory Cortex
20.1 Harmonic Inputs to Auditory Cortex
20.2 Harmonic Pitch Processing
20.3 Temporal Periodicity Processing
20.4 Harmonic Organizations of Auditory Cortex
References
Chapter 21
Reviewing the Definition of Timbre as it Pertains to the Perception of Speech and Musical Sounds
21.1 Timbre, Speech Sounds and Acoustical Scale
21.2 Timbre and the Perception of Speech Sounds
21.2.1 Timbre in the Perception of βAcoustic Scale Melodiesβ
21.2.2 The Second Dimension of Pitch Hypothesis
21.2.3 The Scale of the Filter, Sf, as a Dimension of Timbre
21.2.4 The Independence of Spectral Envelope Shape
21.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 22
Size Perception for Acoustically Scaled Sounds of Naturally Pronounced and Whispered Words
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Experiment
22.2.1 Stimuli
22.2.2 Discrimination Procedures and Listeners
22.2.3 Results on Voiced Words
22.2.4 Results on Unvoiced and Whispered Words
22.2.5 Summary and Comparison
22.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 23
Subcomponent Cues in Binaural Unmasking
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Experiment
23.2.1 Method
23.2.2 Results
23.2.3 Discussion
23.3 Modelling
23.3.1 Method
23.3.2 Results
23.3.3 Discussion
23.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 24
Interaural Correlations Between +1 and β1 on a Thurstone Scale: Psychometric Functions and a Two-Parameter Model
24.1 Introduction
24.1.1 Reasons Against the Use of the Normalized IAC
24.1.2 Alternative Hypothesis: Spatial Percept Represented by the dB Scaled Ratio of N0- and Np-Components
24.2 Methods
24.2.1 Psychoacoustical Experiments
24.2.2 Thurstone Scaling
24.3 Results
24.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 25
Dynamic ITDs, Not ILDs, Underlie Binaural Detection of a Tone in Wideband Noise
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Methods
25.2.1 Binaural Modulation
25.2.2 Stimuli and Data Collection
25.3 Results
25.4 Modeling the Data
25.5 Discussion
References
Chapter 26
Effect of Reverberation on Directional Sensitivity of Auditory Neurons: Central and Peripheral Factors
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Methods
26.3 Results
26.3.1 Sensitivity to ITD in the Envelope and Fine Structure of Noise in the Awake Rabbit IC
26.3.2 Characterization of Directional Sensitivity Using ITD-Only in the Awake Rabbit IC
26.3.3 Peripheral Factors Determining ITD-Only Sensitivity in Reverberation
26.3.4 Directional Sensitivity in the IC with ITD and ILD Cues
26.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 27
New Experiments Employing Raised-Sine Stimuli Suggest an Unknown Factor Affects Sensitivity to Envelope-Based ITDs for Stimuli
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Generating Raised-Sine Stimuli
27.3 Procedure, Results, and Discussion
References
Chapter 28
Modeling Physiological and Psychophysical Responses to Precedence Effect Stimuli
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Methods
28.2.1 Stimuli
28.2.2 Model Structure
28.2.3 Data Analysis
28.2.4 The Readout
28.3 Results
28.3.1 Simulations of Physiological Data
28.3.2 Simulations of Psychophysical Data
28.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 29
Binaurally-Coherent Jitter Improves Neural and Perceptual ITD Sensitivity in Normal and Electric Hearing
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Perceptual Experiment
29.2.1 Method
29.2.2 Results
29.2.3 Discussion
29.3 Neurophysiology
29.3.1 Method
29.3.2 Jitter Can Restore Ongoing Neural Firing at High Pulse Rates
29.3.3 Restoration of Ongoing Firing Reveals ITD Sensitivity
29.4 Neural Modeling
29.5 General Discussion
References
Chapter 30
Lateralization of Tone Complexes in Noise: The Role of Monaural Envelope Processing in Binaural Hearing
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Detection Experiment
30.3 Results and Discussion
30.4 Discrimination Experiment
30.5 Results and Discussion
30.6 Lateralization Experiment
30.7 Results and Discussion
30.8 General Discussion
References
Chapter 31
Adjustment of Interaural-Time-Difference Analysis to Sound Level
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Methods
31.2.1 Psychophysics
31.2.1.1 Stimuli
31.2.1.2 Procedure
31.2.1.3 Listeners
31.2.2 Electrophysiology
31.2.2.1 Animals
31.2.2.2 Recording Procedure and General Neural Characterization
31.2.2.3 Pip-Train Stimulation
31.2.2.4 Analysis
31.3 Results
31.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 32
The Role of Envelope Waveform, Adaptation, and Attacks in Binaural Perception
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Experiments
32.2.1 Method
32.2.1.1 Listeners
32.2.1.2 Apparatus and Stimuli
32.2.1.3 Procedure
32.2.2 Results
32.3 Model Predictions
32.3.1 Models
32.3.2 Model Predictions
32.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 33
Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity and Adaptation Contribute to the Coding of Timing and Intensity Information
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Methods
33.2.1 Chick NA Physiology and Simulation
33.2.1.1 Recording from Owlsβ NM and NL Neurons In Vivo
33.2.1.2 Simulation of NL Neuron Responses
33.3 Results
33.3.1 Short-Term Plasticity Affects Intensity Coding in Nucleus Angularis
33.3.2 Timing Pathway and Adaptation
33.3.2.1 Firing Rate Adaptation in NM and NL
33.3.2.2 Simulation of NL Coding
33.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 34
Adaptive Coding for Auditory Spatial Cues
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Methods
34.2.1 Physiological Recordings
34.2.2 Data Analysis
34.3 Results
34.3.1 Neurons Are Sensitive to Changes in the Mean of ITD Distributions
34.3.2 Coding Accuracy Shifts to Accommodate Shifts in HPR Mean
34.3.3 Neurons Are Insensitive to the Changes in the Variance of ITD Distributions
34.3.4 Neural Mechanisms Underlying Adaptive Coding of ITDs
34.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 35
Phase Shifts in Monaural Field Potentials of the Medial Superior Olive
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Methods
35.2.1 Surgical Preparation
35.2.2 Stimulus Generation and Signal Sampling
35.2.3 Stimuli and Data Collection
35.3 Results
35.3.1 Current Source Density Analysis
35.4 Discussion
35.5 Comment by Catherine Carr
35.6 Reply Myles Mc Laughlin
References
Chapter 36
Representation of Intelligible and Distorted Speech in Human Auditory Cortex
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Generation of Distorted Speech
36.3 Psychophysics of Spectrally Rotated Speech
36.3.1 Subjects
36.3.2 Stimulus Presentation
36.3.3 Results
36.4 Brain Activation in Response to Distorted Speech Stimuli
36.4.1 Stimulus Presentation
36.4.2 Subjects and Task
36.4.3 Scanning Procedure
36.4.4 Data Analysis
36.4.5 Results
36.5 Discussion
36.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 37
Intelligibility of Time-Compressed Speech with Periodic and Aperiodic Insertions of Silence: Evidence for Endogenous Brain R
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Background
37.3 Experiment
37.3.1 SUS Corpus
37.3.2 Stimulus Preparation
37.3.3 Subjects
37.3.4 Instructions to Subjects
37.3.5 Results
37.3.5.1 Overall
37.3.5.2 Statistical Analysis
37.4 Discussion
37.4.1 Does Intelligibility Reflect Short-Term Memory Limitations?
37.4.2 Why Is the Intelligibility Curve U-Shaped?
37.4.3 Condition x80: Why Does Intelligibility Deteriorate in the Aperiodic Condition?
References
Chapter 38
The Representation of the Pitch of Vowel Sounds in Ferret Auditory Cortex
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Ferret Behavioral Pitch Sensitivity
38.2.1 Psychoacoustic Methods
38.2.2 Psychoacoustic Results
38.3 Mapping of F0 Sensitivity Across Cortex
38.3.1 Electrophysiological Methods
38.3.2 Mapping Results (Sensitivity Maps)
38.4 Neurometric Analysis: Putative Neural Codes for Pitch
38.4.1 Neurometric Methods
38.4.2 Neurometric Results
38.5 Discussion and Conclusions
References
Chapter 39
Macroscopic and Microscopic Analysis of Speech Recognition in Noise: What Can Be Understood at Which Level?
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Acoustical Level: SNR-Based Speech Perception Measures (SII Approaches)
39.3 Sensory Level/Peripheral Processing: (Example: Binaural Interaction)
39.4 Central Level: A Microscopic Model of Speech Recognition
39.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 40
Effects of Peripheral Tuning on the Auditory Nerveβs Representation of Speech Envelope and Temporal Fine Structure Cues
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Methods
40.2.1 The Auditory Periphery Model
40.2.2 Speech Intelligibility Metric (STMI)
40.2.3 Auditory Chimaeras
40.2.4 TFS-Only Signals
40.3 Test Speech Material
40.4 Results
40.5 Conclusions
40.6 Comment by Michael Heinz
40.7 Reply Rasha Ibrahim
References
Chapter 41
Room Reflections and Constancy in Speech-Like Sounds: Within-Band Effects
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Method
41.2.1 Speech Contexts and the Test-Word Continuum
41.2.2 Category Boundaries
41.2.3 Room Reflections
41.2.4 8-Band Speech
41.2.5 Design
41.2.6 Procedure
41.3 Results
41.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 42
Identification of Perceptual Cues for Consonant Sounds and the Influence of Sensorineural Hearing Loss on Speech Perception
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Identification of Perceptual Cues
42.2.1 Modeling Speech Reception
42.2.2 Principle of 3D Approach
42.2.3 Data Interpretation
42.2.4 Perceptual Cues of Stop Consonants
42.3 Influence of Hearing Loss on Speech Perception
42.3.1 Diagnosis of Hearing Loss
42.3.2 Quantification of Consonant Loss
42.3.2.1 Speech Stimuli
42.3.2.2 Conditions
42.3.2.3 Procedure
42.4 Results
42.4.1 Hearing Loss
42.4.2 Consonant Identification
42.5 Discussion
References
Chapter 43
A Comparative View on the Perception of Mistuning: Constraints of the Auditory Periphery
43.1 Introduction
43.2 Detecting Frequency Shifts of Pure Tones
43.3 Detecting a Mistuned Component in Harmonic Complexes
43.3.1 Mistuning Detection in Sine Phase Harmonic Complexes
43.3.2 Mistuning Detection in Random Phase Harmonic Complexes
43.3.3 Neural Basis of Mistuning Detection
References
Chapter 44
Stability of Perceptual Organisation in Auditory Streaming
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Experiment 1
44.2.1 Participants
44.2.2 Stimulus Paradigm
44.2.3 Procedure
44.2.4 Results
44.3 Experiment 2
44.3.1 Participants
44.3.2 Stimulus Paradigm
44.3.3 Results
44.4 Experiment 3
44.4.1 Participants
44.4.2 Stimulus Paradigm
44.4.3 Results
44.5 Discussion
References
Chapter 45
Sequential and Simultaneous Auditory Grouping Measured with Synchrony Detection
45.1 Introduction
45.2 Experiment 1: Sequential Capture Overrides Synchrony Detection
45.3 Methods
45.4 Results and Discussion
45.5 Experiment 2: Synchrony Overrides Sequential Grouping
45.6 Methods
45.7 Results and Discussion
45.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 46
Rate Versus Temporal Code? A Spatio-Temporal Coherence Model of the Cortical Basis of Streaming
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Neurophysiological Basis of Stream Organization in AI
46.3 Spatio-Temporal Coherence Model
46.3.1 Auditory Processing from Periphery to Cortex
46.3.2 Coherence Analysis
46.3.3 Decomposing the Coherence Matrix
46.3.4 Model Validation
46.3.4.1 Varying Degrees of Synchrony
46.3.4.2 Experiment I: Synchrony Overrides Sequential Grouping
46.3.4.3 Experiment II: Sequential Capture Overrides Synchrony Detection
46.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 47
Objective Measures of Auditory Scene Analysis
47.1 Introduction
47.2 Auditory Streaming
47.2.1 Experiment 1: Objective Measures of the Build-Up of Streaming
47.2.1.1 Methods
47.2.1.2 Results
47.2.2 Experiment 2: Effect of Attention on Streaming
47.2.2.1 Rationale and Method
47.2.2.2 Results
47.2.3 Experiment 3: Electrophysiological Measure of Streaming Build-Up
47.2.3.1 Rationale and Method
47.2.3.2 Results
47.3 The Continuity Illusion
47.3.1 A Correlate of the Continuity Illusion Obtained Using fMRI
47.3.2 Experiment 4: Effect of Attention on the Continuity Illusion
47.3.2.1 Rationale and Method
47.3.2.2 Results
47.4 Summary
47.5 Comment by Daniel Oberfeld-Twistel
References
Chapter 48
Perception of Concurrent Sentences with Harmonic or Frequency-Shifted Voiced Excitation: Performance of Human Listeners and
48.1 Introduction
48.2 Experiment
48.3 Computational Models
48.4 Modelling Studies: Results
48.5 Modelling Studies: Limitations and Future Directions
48.6 Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 49
Is There Stimulus-Specific Adaptation in the Medial Geniculate Body of the Rat?
49.1 Introduction
49.2 Materials and Methods
49.2.1 Surgical Procedures, Acoustic Stimuli, and Electrophysiological Recording
49.2.2 Stimulus Presentation Paradigms
49.3 Results
49.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 50
Auditory Streaming at the Cocktail Party:
50.1 Introduction
50.2 Methods
50.3 Results
50.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 51
Correlates of Auditory Attention and Task Performance in Primary Auditory and Prefrontal Cortex
51.1 Introduction
51.2 Rapid Plasticity in A1 Receptive Fields
51.2.1 STRF Plasticity in A1 During Aversive Tone Detection and Discrimination Tasks
51.2.2 Contrasting Effects of Aversive and Appetitive Tasks
51.3 Encoding of Task Rules and Stimuli in Prefrontal Cortex
51.3.1 PFC Responses During Aversive (or Conditioned Avoidance) Tasks
51.3.2 PFC Responses During Appetitive Tasks
51.3.3 PFC Responses in Tasks with Visual Stimuli
51.4 Relationship Between A1 and PFC Responses
51.4.1 Analysis and Coherence of Local Field Potentials
51.4.1.1 Within PFC and A1 Correlations
51.4.1.2 Coherence Between PFC and A1
51.4.2 Microstimulation in PFC Modulates Receptive Fields in A1
51.5 Summary and Discussion
References
Chapter 52
The Implicit Learning of Noise: Behavioral Data and Computational Models
52.1 Introduction
52.2 Experiment 1
52.2.1 Method
52.2.2 Results
52.3 Experiment 2
52.3.1 Method
52.3.2 Results
52.4 Computational Models
52.5 Discussion
52.5.1 Repeated Exposure Produced Learning of Noise Samples
52.5.2 Forming Noise Templates or Memorizing Single Features
52.5.3 Constraints for Neural Mechanisms
References
Chapter 53
Role of Primary Auditory Cortex in Acoustic Orientation and Approach-to-Target Responses
53.1 Introduction
53.2 Methods
53.2.1 Sound Localization Testing
53.2.2 Inactivation of the Auditory Cortex
53.2.3 Histology
53.2.4 Data Analysis
53.3 Results
53.3.1 Anatomy
53.3.2 Approach-to-Target Sound Localization
53.3.3 Head Orienting Responses
53.4 Discussion and Conclusions
53.5 Comment by Catherine Carr
53.6 Reply Fernando Nodal
References
Chapter 54
Objective and Behavioral Estimates of Cochlear Response Times in Normal-Hearing and Hearing-Impaired Human Listeners
54.1 Introduction
54.2 Lateralization of Mismatched Tones
54.2.1 Methods
54.2.2 Results and Discussion
54.3 Auditory Brainstem Responses
54.3.1 Methods
54.3.2 Results and Discussion
54.4 Auditory-Filter Bandwidth
54.4.1 Method
54.4.2 Results and Discussion
54.5 Summary and Conclusion
References
Chapter 55
Why Do Hearing-Impaired Listeners Fail to Benefit from Masker Fluctuations?
55.1 Introduction
55.2 Procedure
55.2.1 Experimental Data
55.2.2 Model Description
55.2.3 Model Parameterization
55.2.4 Application to Earlier Results
55.3 Results
55.4 Discussion
55.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 56
Across-Fiber Coding of Temporal Fine-Structure: Effects of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss on Auditory-Nerve Responses
56.1 Introduction
56.2 Methods
56.2.1 Experimental Procedures
56.2.2 Predicting Spatiotemporal Patterns from Individual AN Fibers
56.2.3 Within-CF and Across-CF Temporal Analyses
56.3 Results
56.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 57
Beyond the Audiogram: Identifying and Modeling Patterns of Hearing Deficits
57.1 Introduction
57.2 Methods
57.2.1 Psychoacoustic Profiles of Normal and Impaired Listeners
57.2.1.1 Psychoacoustic Measures
57.2.1.2 Threshold Estimation Procedure
57.2.1.3 Listeners
57.2.2 Computer Modeling
57.3 Results
57.3.1 Normal Data and Model
57.3.2 Impaired Data and Models
57.3.2.1 Profile 1 (Participant ECr)
57.3.2.2 Profile 2 (Participant JEV)
57.3.2.3 Profile 3 (Participant JJo)
57.4 Discussion
References
