โ Scribed by Joseph P. Pandolfo
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
The optical properties of two 'haze' conditions prevalent during well-observed occasions in the central U.S.A. were estimated by Ball and Robinson (1982). A comprehensive, interactive, time-dependent model of the coupled atmospheric planetary boundary-upper soil (water) layers, specifically formulated to include such radiative parameters, is described in Brown et al. (1982) and earlier papers. A version of that model, including the Robinson and Ball radiative parameters, is applied with detailed micrometeorological measurements tabulated in Lettau and Davidson (1957), to obtain some quantitative estimates of the effects of haze on near-surface air and soil temperatures in agriculturally important regions of the central U.S.A.
A calibration simulation of an observed two-day period in late summer over a dry-prairie surface shows the model's qualitative verisimilitude in the calculation of observed solar irradiance and near-surface air temperature. This is followed by a second model simulation experiment for late spring clear-sky conditions over a hypothetical moist bare-soil (sown cropland) surface, to estimate the effects of the two 'hazes' on temperature and on the accompanying surface heat budgets. Significant alterations of near-surface temperatures, in the range 0.5 "C to 2.5 "C are found over a five-day simulation period. The alterations are such as to increase air-soil temperature difference, with relative warming of the air and relative cooling of the soil with both aerosol characterizations.
๐ SIMILAR VOLUMES
Direct and indirect economic effects are also taken into account. The economic benefits of biomass compared to coal are shown which can assist in overcoming a significant difference in production costs between the two. Comparing residue use for small scale heat production with advanced bio-energy sy