Foreword
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Tables
Part I Historical Background, Concepts and Foreign Policy Drivers
1 Introduction: The Foreign Policy of the Republic of Cyprus—The Age of Maturity?
Introduction
The RoC’s Contemporary Foreign Policy and the Concept of “Maturity”
On Foreign Policy Maturity
The RoC’s Road to Foreign Policy Maturity?
Book Aims and Structure
Epilogue
References
2 The Republic of Cyprus and Its Foreign Policy: A Historical Overview, 1960–2004
Introduction
The RoC and the UN
The RoC and the Non-Alignment Movement
The RoC and the Commonwealth
The RoC and NATO
The RoC and the EU
Conclusion
References
3 All the President’s Decisions: Foreign Policy in the Republic of Cyprus After 2004
Introduction
The Four Stages of the RoC’s Foreign Policymaking
War Is a Stern Teacher—A Historical Security Conundrum
History in the Making: Presidential Authority and Foreign Policy
Tassos Papadopoulos (2003–2008)
Europeanization—A Tricky Start
Demetris Christofias (2008–2013)
Europeanization—Tricky Gets Trickier
Nicos Anastasiades (2013 to Present)
Moving Beyond Europeanization Towards Maturity
Conclusion
References
Part II Between East and West—The International Orientation
4 Stuck in the Middle: Constructing Maturity and Restoring Balance in RoC-EU Relations
Introduction: How Cyprus “Fits” in the EU
Foreign Policy Analysis: Balancing and Constructing a Cypriot Agenda
Systemic-Level Analysis: RoC-EU
Unit-Level Analysis: Inside RoC Policymaking
Policy, Cooperation, and Governance
Addressing New Priorities Against (Im)maturity
Relations Within the EU
Relations Outside the EU
The Conflict
Does the RoC Match Its Foreign Policy Objectives?
Stuck in the Middle: The RoC as a Mediator Between Its Neighbours and the EU
The Geopolitics of Energy
Defence and Its Problems
EU Cooperation and the Cyprus Problem: Internal Problems
The Bureaucratic Graveyard: Observations in Executing RoC Diplomacy
Conclusion: Restoring Balance
References
5 The Republic of Cyprus and the US: A Revamped Relationship with Key Limitations
Introduction
A History of US-Cypriot Relations: From Independence to the EU Accession
Theoretical Framework
The Eastern Mediterranean Region: Conflict, Gas and Shifting Alignments
Turkey’s Bid for Regional Hegemony and the US Response
Turkey, Cyprus and the Trilaterals: Paving the Way for Closer US-Cypriot Relations
US-RoC Relations
The View from Washington
The Cypriot FPE and the US
The Emergence of a Strategic Partnership
The Limits of the Relationship
The AKEL Factor
Russian Influence
Turkey’s Importance
The Limits of Eastern Mediterranean Hydrocarbons
Conclusion: US-Cypriot Relations, the Product of a “Mature” Cypriot Foreign Policy?
References
6 Russia’s Place in the Foreign Policy of the Republic of Cyprus: Will “Pragmatic Idealism” Survive in the 2020s?
Introduction
Cyprus-Russia Relations During the Cold War
The Adventurous Birth of the Republic
Two Conflicting Approaches
1992–2017: Golden Age of Pragmatic Idealism
Telling Examples of Normative Affinities
Security and Defence
Russia’s April 2004 UN Veto
Characteristic Russian Statements and Declarations
Tourism and Investments
On Mutual Friendly Attitudes
A Summary of Mutual Benefits
Enter Anastasiades
Anastasiades Under Pressure
Anastasiades Goes to Moscow
Russian Popularity in Cyprus
2017–2021: Pragmatic Idealism Tested
Erdogan’s Role
Bilateral Disagreements and Complaints
The Regional and the Idiosyncratic Levels of Analysis
Parallel Affirmation of “Pragmatic Idealism”?
Towards Tentative Conclusions
References
Part III A Newly-Discovered Identity in the Eastern Mediterranean?
7 Assessing Maturity in the RoC’s Eastern Mediterranean Foreign Policy
Introduction
Foreign Policy Maturity and a Historical Background
The RoC in a New Regional Environment
Seeking a Role
Searching for alliances
Elements of (Im)maturity—Institutions and Policy
External Relations Crises: Libya, Lebanon, Syria
Energy
National Security, Foreign Policy and State Institutions
Conclusions: The Way Forward for the RoC Foreign Policy
References
8 The Eastern Mediterranean Disputes in the RoC’s Foreign Policy: A Socio-Psychological Account
Introduction
The IR, Ontological Security Literature, and Interactionist Role Theory
Eastern Mediterranean Disputes and the RoC’s Foreign Policy
The RoC in Its Region
Energy and Maritime Crises
RoC Responses to the Hydrocarbons Crisis and a Self-Critical Adjustment
Conclusion
References
9 Towards a Foreign Policy Actor? Turkish Cypriot Perceptions of Cyprus in European Affairs and the Eastern Mediterranean
Introduction
The Island of Cyprus and the EU: A Turkish Cypriot Perspective
The Eastern Mediterranean Paradox: Why Does It Matter for Turkish Cypriots?
Turkey’s Position
New Middle East Power Balances and Their Impact on the Eastern Mediterranean
Conclusion
References
Part IV Foreign Policymaking, Institutional Capacities & Grand Strategic Concerns
10 International Law and the Republic of Cyprus’ Foreign Policy
Introduction
ICJ Jurisdiction
The ICJ Advisory Opinion on the Declaration of Independence of Kosovo
The ICJ Advisory Opinion on the Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965
The Maritime Activities of the Republic of Cyprus
Conclusion
References
11 Gender Mainstreaming in the Foreign Policy of the Republic of Cyprus
Women in the Foreign Policy Arena
Women in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the RoC
Explaining the RoC Numbers: The Masculinity Variable
Understanding Gender Inequality: Steps Towards the Right Direction
The International Dimensions of Local Efforts
Conclusions
References
12 The Republic of Cyprus in International and Regional Organizations: Towards a Mature Small State Status Seeking Strategy?
Introduction
Small State Status Seeking, International Organizations and Maturity
Small State Status Seeking
Status Seeking in and Through International Organizations
Maturity and Status Seeking
The Republic of Cyprus Champions Cultural Heritage Protection in and Through IOs
A Firm Advocate of Culture and Cultural Heritage Protection in the UN
A Fierce Promoter of Culture and Cultural Heritage Protection in the Council of Europe
Uploading the Protection of Culture and Cultural Heritage in the EU’s Agenda
Assessing the Maturity of the RoC’s Status Seeking Strategy in and Through IOs
Conclusion
References
13 Defence Diplomacy by the Republic of Cyprus: A Dynamic Policy in the Process of Maturation
Introduction
The Concept of Defence Diplomacy
Foreign Policy Maturity and Defence Diplomacy: A Set of Components
Bilateral and Multilateral Defence Cooperation Agreements
Defence Attaches to Foreign Countries and Organisations
Bilateral and Multilateral Foreign Visits
Joint Military and Search and Rescue Exercises
Participation in Peace Keeping Operations
Training Foreign Military and Civilian Defence Personnel
Disaster Relief—Humanitarian Assistance—Development Aid to Foreign States
Provision of Facilities for Military and Defence Purposes
Other Factors
The Defence Diplomacy of the Republic of Cyprus and Its Drivers (2004–2020)
The RoC’s Accession to the EU
New Geopolitical Developments in the Region
Hydrocarbons in Cyprus’ Exclusive Economic Zone (2007)
RoC’s Defence Diplomacy in the Process of Maturation (2004–2020)
Defence Agreements
Defence Attaches
High-Level Foreign Visits
Joint Exercises
Participation in UN and EU Peacekeeping Missions
Provision of Facilities
Exploiting New Opportunities
Maturity of the Elites
The Limits of Maturity
Conclusion
Appendix
References
14 Foreign Policy Maturity and Grand Strategy: The Way Forward for the Republic of Cyprus
Introduction
On Grand Strategy and Foreign Policy Maturity
Grand Strategy and Small States
Foreign Policy (Maturity) vs Grand Strategy
Does or Can the RoC Have a Grand Strategy?
The RoC’s Foreign Policy Maturity and Grand Strategic Capacities
Conclusions
References
Index