The European Union and the Nordic Countries

✍ Scribed by Lee Miles

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 1996
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 332
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The European Community and the Nordic Countries provides a thematic overview of the political and economic relationships between the European Community and the Nordic Countries since 1958. Lee Miles links together the history of EC-Nordic relations and the reasons for the change in Nordic governmental, party and public attitudes towards the EC, culminating with an analysis of Nordic accession to the Community. It includes major new contributions from leading academics from both EC countries and the Scandinavian states and provides a truly international analysis of EC-Nordic relations.

✦ Table of Contents

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Figures......Page 8
Tables......Page 9
Contributors......Page 10
Preface......Page 12
Acknowledgements......Page 13
Abbreviations......Page 14
Part I Introduction......Page 18
1 Introduction......Page 20
CONSIDERING THE NORDIC COUNTRIES......Page 22
FIVE PLUS THREE?......Page 25
THE OBJECTIVES AND STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK......Page 26
NOTES......Page 28
Part II A history of European Union-Nordic relations......Page 30
THE NORDIC REGION......Page 32
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NORDIC INTEGRATION......Page 33
DISINTEGRATIVE FACTORS......Page 34
DIVERGENT SECURITY INTERESTS......Page 35
SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS AFTER 1945......Page 36
FAILED ATTEMPTS AT NORDIC ECONOMIC INTEGRATION......Page 37
STEPS TOWARDS NORDIC REGIONAL INTEGRATION: THE NORDIC COUNCIL......Page 39
NORDIC COOPERATION BEYOND 1995......Page 44
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION BEYOND THE NORDIC REGION......Page 45
NOTES......Page 46
INTRODUCTION......Page 48
POLICY DETERMINANTS......Page 49
1957–61 TOWARDS A EUROPE OF SIXES AND SEVENS......Page 50
1961–3 MEMBERSHIP, ASSOCIATION OR ‘WAIT AND SEE’......Page 52
1963–9 REASSESSING OPTIONS......Page 53
1969–73 ACCOMMODATION WITH BRUSSELS......Page 55
1973–84 IMPLEMENTATION AND CONSOLIDATION......Page 58
CONCLUSION......Page 60
NOTES......Page 61
‘EVER CLOSER COOPERATION’......Page 62
THE LUXEMBOURG PROCESS......Page 63
The Luxembourg Declaration......Page 64
Follow-up of the Luxembourg Process......Page 65
The Nordics in the Luxembourg Process......Page 67
The EEA initiative......Page 69
Course and outcome of the EEA negotiations......Page 71
The Nordics’ applications for EC membership......Page 74
CONCLUSION: TAMING THE EFTANS?......Page 75
NOTES......Page 76
DECIDING TO APPLY......Page 78
THE CHANGING RESPONSES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION......Page 81
NORDIC PRIORITIES......Page 82
THE ACCESSION NEGOTIATIONS—THE FOUR PHASES......Page 83
THE ACCESSION TERMS—A GOOD DEAL FOR THE NORDIC APPLICANTS?......Page 86
Regional policy support......Page 88
Norwegian fisheries......Page 89
DOMESTIC REACTIONS AND EU INTERNAL DISUNITY......Page 90
CONCLUSION......Page 91
NOTE......Page 92
Part III The national dimensions......Page 94
INTRODUCTION......Page 96
EXPLAINING FUNDAMENTAL FOREIGN POLICY CHANGE......Page 97
Denmark and the creation of the ECSC and the EEC......Page 99
Denmark’s accession to the EC......Page 101
Denmark and the Single European Act......Page 103
CHANGING COURSE: FROM MAASTRICHT TO EDINBURGH......Page 105
THE NATURE AND CAUSES OF THE CHANGE......Page 108
INTEGRATION THEORY AND FOREIGN POLICY CHANGE......Page 110
CONCLUSION......Page 112
NOTES......Page 114
INTRODUCTION: A BRIEF HISTORY......Page 116
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SWEDISH PUBLIC OPINION ON THE EU......Page 119
THE REFERENDUM......Page 121
THE SOCIAL DEMOCRATS......Page 124
THE NON-SOCIALIST PARTIES......Page 126
CONCLUSION: CONSEQUENCES FOR THE SWEDISH POLITICAL SYSTEM......Page 128
NOTE......Page 130
A RESERVED WESTERN ORIENTATION......Page 132
CHANGING THE OFFICIAL POLICY LINE......Page 134
TAKING UP POSITIONS FOR BATTLE......Page 135
ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST MEMBERSHIP......Page 136
THE DEVELOPMENT OF FINNISH PUBLIC OPINION REGARDING EU MEMBERSHIP: IGNORANCE AND MISTRUST......Page 138
FINNISH PUBLIC OPINION: RESPONSES TO FOREIGN POLICY CHANGE......Page 139
A REFERENDUM WITHOUT SURPRISES......Page 143
CONCLUSIONS: FULL MEMBERSHIP COMES INTO FORCE......Page 144
NOTE......Page 146
INTRODUCTION......Page 148
THE 1972 TRAUMA......Page 149
THE EXTERNAL DIMENSION......Page 150
THE DOMESTIC DIMENSION......Page 151
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EU DEBATE IN NORWAY......Page 152
MAKING MEMBERSHIP A NON-ISSUE......Page 153
EXTERNAL ADAPTATION......Page 154
THE EEA PROCESS: A PREPARATION FOR THE NEXT MEMBERSHIP ROUND......Page 155
THE SECOND REFERENDUM FAILURE......Page 157
AFTER THE REFERENDUM: THE PROSPECTS FOR NORWEGIAN EU POLICY......Page 159
NOTES......Page 162
INTRODUCTION......Page 164
BACKGROUND......Page 165
THE DIFFICULT QUESTION OF MEMBERSHIP......Page 167
PUBLIC OPINION AND THE POLITICAL PARTIES......Page 169
OLD TIMES—NEW TIMES......Page 172
EXPLAINING A NON-DECISION......Page 175
PROSPECTS......Page 176
NOTES......Page 178
Part IV The European Union and the Nordic countries: an issue-based approach......Page 180
INTRODUCTION......Page 182
THE EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM (EMS)......Page 183
THE PROBLEM OF MANAGING EXCHANGE RATES......Page 184
THE NEW NORDIC MEMBERS AND THE EMS......Page 185
THE SHARED PROBLEMS OF THE NORDIC COUNTRIES......Page 186
SWEDEN’S INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS......Page 188
FINLAND’S INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS......Page 189
THE CASE FOR FULL MEMBERSHIP OF THE EMS......Page 191
MOVING TOWARDS EMU......Page 192
Government deficits......Page 193
OPERATING WITHIN EMU......Page 194
Optimum currency areas......Page 195
CONCLUSION......Page 196
INTRODUCTION......Page 198
NORDIC SOCIAL POLICY TRADITIONS......Page 199
EU AND NORDIC APPROACHES TO SOCIAL POLICY......Page 202
THE EVOLUTION OF EU SOCIAL POLICY......Page 204
HEALTH AND SAFETY......Page 206
SOCIAL WELFARE......Page 207
ACTIVE LABOUR MARKET POLICIES......Page 208
SOCIAL DIALOGUE......Page 209
THE IMPROVED ACCESSIBILITY AND TRANSPARENCY OF UNION LEGISLATION......Page 210
CONCLUSION......Page 211
NOTES......Page 212
THE BENEFITS OF EU MEMBERSHIP......Page 214
THE DEVELOPMENT OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY......Page 216
TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?......Page 217
THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES OF THE NORDIC COUNTRIES......Page 218
Swedish national environmental policy......Page 219
Chemicals......Page 221
Substances which deplete the ozone layer......Page 222
Finland’s national environmental policy......Page 223
Finnish agri-environmental concerns......Page 224
THE EEA AGREEMENT......Page 225
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY......Page 226
UNDERMINING ENVIRONMENTAL PRIORITIES......Page 228
THE POTENTIAL FOR NORDIC ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE......Page 230
CONCLUSIONS......Page 231
INTRODUCTION......Page 232
AGRICULTURE AND ENLARGEMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION......Page 233
Finland......Page 235
Sweden......Page 237
FISHING AND ENLARGEMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION......Page 238
Norway and the CFP......Page 239
Iceland and fisheries policy......Page 241
CONCLUSIONS......Page 242
THE ENERGY SECTORS IN NORWAY, FINLAND AND SWEDEN......Page 244
Norway......Page 245
Finland......Page 246
Sweden......Page 247
THE EVOLVING EU ENERGY POLICY......Page 248
Proposals that demand an EU-level energy policy......Page 249
NORWAY AND THE ‘CONCESSION DIRECTIVE’: A SUCCESSFUL ‘TWO-LEVEL’ GAME?......Page 250
NOTES......Page 252
INTRODUCTION......Page 254
Sweden: rapid redirection......Page 255
Finland: the EEA; an EC in sheep’s clothing......Page 258
Sweden: remaining tensions......Page 260
Finland: pressing ahead......Page 262
LEADERSHIP FROM ABOVE......Page 264
NOTES......Page 268
INTRODUCTION......Page 270
FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICIES PRE-1989......Page 271
NEW PERCEPTIONS......Page 274
DENMARK AND THE CFSP......Page 275
NORWAY AND THE CFSP......Page 277
A NOTE ON ICELAND......Page 279
CONCLUSIONS......Page 280
Part V Conclusion......Page 282
THE IMPLICATIONS OF EU MEMBERSHIP FOR THE NORDIC COUNTRIES......Page 284
THE IMPACT OF THE NORDIC COUNTRIES ON THE EUROPEAN UNION......Page 287
DETERMINANTS OF THE LEVELS OF NORDIC INFLUENCE......Page 289
NOTE......Page 291
Bibliography......Page 294
Index......Page 312