The Enteric Nervous System......Page 1
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 11
Abbreviations......Page 13
1: Structure of the enteric nervous system......Page 17
The enteric plexuses......Page 19
Interconnections between the plexuses......Page 30
Extent of the ganglionated plexuses......Page 31
Electron microscope studies......Page 33
Enteric glia......Page 36
The structural similarities and functional differences between regions may have an evolutionary basis......Page 37
Development of the enteric nervous system......Page 39
Maturation of enteric neurons and development of function......Page 42
Changes in enteric neurons with aging......Page 43
Summary and conclusions......Page 44
2: Constituent neurons of the enteric nervous system......Page 45
Shapes of enteric neurons......Page 47
Cell physiological classifications of enteric neurons......Page 59
Functionally defined enteric neurons......Page 69
Neurons in human intestine with equivalence to those investigated in laboratory animals......Page 92
Summary and conclusions......Page 94
Evolution of ideas about enteric circuitry......Page 96
Motility controlling circuits of the small and large intestine......Page 97
Intrinsic secretomotor and vasomotor circuits......Page 104
Assemblies of neurons......Page 109
Circuits in the esophagus and stomach......Page 112
Circuits connecting the intestine, biliary system, and pancreas,......Page 114
Sympathetic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract......Page 115
Summary and conclusions......Page 117
Chemical coding and multiple transmitters......Page 119
Transmitters of motor neurons that innervate the smooth muscle of the gut......Page 120
Transmitters at neuro-neuronal synapses......Page 127
Sites within the reflex circuitry where specific pharmacologies of transmission can be deduced to occur......Page 136
Transmission from entero-endocrine cells to IPANs......Page 142
Roles of interstitial cells of Cajal in neuromuscular transmission......Page 143
Transmitters of secretomotor and vasodilator neurons......Page 144
Summary and conclusions......Page 146
Rhythmic activity of gastrointestinal muscle......Page 148
Structure and properties of interstitial cells of Cajal......Page 150
Relationship between slow wave activity and neural control......Page 154
Gastric motility......Page 156
Patterns of small intestine motility and their intrinsic neural control......Page 163
Motility of the colon......Page 173
Neural control of the esophagus......Page 175
Gall bladder motility......Page 176
Sphincters......Page 177
Muscle of the mucosa......Page 181
Mechanism of sympathetic inhibition of motility in non-sphincter regions......Page 182
Sympathetic innervation of the sphincters......Page 185
Physiological effects of noradrenergic neurons on motility in undisturbed animals......Page 186
Reflex activities of sympathetic neurons that affect motility......Page 187
Summary and conclusions......Page 194
Water and electrolyte secretion in the small and large intestines......Page 196
Reflex control of water and electrolyte secretion......Page 198
Secretion of gastric acid......Page 205
Pepsinogen secretion......Page 210
Secretion into the gall bladder......Page 211
Pancreatic exocrine secretion......Page 212
Summary and conclusions......Page 214
7: Disorders of motility and secretion and therapeutic targets in the enteric nervous system......Page 216
Therapeutic endpoints for motility disorders......Page 217
Therapies for secretory diarrheas......Page 221
Enteric neuropathies involving neuronal loss or phenotypic changes......Page 222
Mitochondriopathies with intestinal manifestations......Page 223
Irritable bowel syndrome and plasticity of enteric neurons......Page 224
Summary and conclusions......Page 226
Epilogue: the future of enteric neurobiology......Page 227
References......Page 230
Index......Page 283