front-matter
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
1 On the Standard Big Bang Model
1.1 FRW Models
1.2 The Physical Scenario
1.3 Problems of the Standard Big Bang Model
Dimensionality
Euclidicity
Singularity
Homogeneity and Isotropy
Horizon
Flatness
Baryon Asymmetry
Monopole and Other Relics
Cosmological Constant
Large–Scale Structure
2 Beyond the Standard Big Bang Model: In.ation
2.1 In.ation: The General Idea
2.2 Transition to the Physical Universe
2.3 Density Perturbations
2.4 Final Remarks on In.ationary Models
3 Overview
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 3
1 The Standard Big Bang Model
1.1 Standard Big Bang Solutions
1.2 Characteristic Scales and Density Parameters
1.3 Introducing the Cosmic Background Radiation
1.4 The Mass of the Universe
1.5 The Timetable for the Universe
2 Problems with the Big Bang
2.1 The Flatness Problem
2.2 The Horizon Problem
2.3 The Monopole Problem
2.4 The Cosmological Constant
3 Enter In.ation
3.1 The Flatness Problem
3.2 Relic Abundances
3.3 The Horizon Problem and Homogeneity
3.4 The Cosmological Constant
4 In.ation out of Particle Physics
4.1 In.ation Dynamics
4.2 The Amount of In.ation
4.3 Some Examples of In.ation: Polynomial Chaotic In.ation
4.4 From In.ation to the SBB – Reheating
4.5 In.ation Models
4.6 Density Perturbations and Gravitational Waves
4.7 Perturbations Produced During In.ation
4.8 Observational Consequences
4.9 The Cosmological Parameters
5 String Cosmology
5.1 Dilaton-Moduli Cosmology (Pre-Big Bang)
5.2 Dilaton-Moduli-Axion Cosmologies
5.3 Fine Tuning Issues
5.4 The Graceful Exit
5.5 Density Perturbations in String Cosmology
5.6 Scalar Metric Perturbations
5.7 Tensor Metric Perturbations
5.8 Dilaton–Moduli–Axion Perturbation Spectra
5.9 Smoking Guns?
6 Dilaton-Moduli Cosmology Including a Moving Five Brane
7 In.ation Today – Quintessence
7.1 Speci.c Quintessence Models
7.2 Evidence for Quintessence?
8 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4
1 Introduction
2 Accelerated Friedmann–Robertson–Walker Universe
3 Scalar Fields
4 Observations and Modeling
4.1 Present Day Acceleration
4.2 Cosmic Acceleration in the Very Early Universe
On the Order of the Approximations
5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5
1 Motivation
2 Newtonian Theory of Cosmological Perturbations
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Perturbations About Minkowski Space-Time
2.3 Perturbations About an Expanding Background
2.4 Characterizing Perturbations
2.5 Matter Fluctuations in the Radiation Era
3 Relativistic Theory of Cosmological Fluctuations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Classifying Fluctuations
3.3 Gauge Transformation
3.4 Equation of Motion
3.5 Application to Inflationary Cosmology
4 Quantum Theory of Cosmological Fluctuations
4.1 Overview
4.2 Outline of the Analysis
4.3 Application to In.ationary Cosmology
4.4 Quantum Theory of Gravitational Waves
5 The Trans-Planckian Window
6 Back-Reaction of Cosmological Fluctuations
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 6
1 Introduction
1.1 Goals and Tools
1.2 The Broad Brush Picture
2 Overall Shape of Spacetime
2.1 Curvature of Space
2.2 Topology of Space
3 Spacetime Expansion History
4 Growth of Cosmic Structure
5 Nonlinear Clustering and Black Holes
5.1 Dark Matter in Galaxies and Clusters
5.2 Supermassive Black Holes
5.3 Stellar-Mass Black Holes
5.4 Black Hole Prospects and Gravitational Waves
6 Outlook
References
Chapter 7
1 Introduction
2 Homogeneity and Heterogeneity
3 Cosmological Uses: Low Redshifts
4 Cosmological Uses: High Redshifts
4.1 The Search
4.2 Results
5 Discussion
5.1 Evolution
5.2 Extinction
5.3 The Smoking Gun
5.4 Measuring the Dark Energy Equation of State
Acknowledgements
Chapter 8
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Approach
2.1 Cosmological Evolution of Quintessence
2.2 Evolution of x, y, and H
2.3 Parameters and Summary
3 Late Time Phase Transition as Dark Energy
3.1 Condensation Scale and Scalar Potential
3.2 Gauge Uni.cation Condition
3.3 Thermodynamics, Nucleosynthesis Bounds, and Initial Conditions
3.4 Energy Density at the Condensation Scale
3.5 Nucleosynthesis Constraint on the Energy Density
4 Dark Matter
5 Phenomenological Approach
5.1 Evolution of w
5.2 Duration of the Periods and Relation to the Field Parameters
5.3 Analysis of CMB spectra
5.4 E.ect of Radiation Period, w=1/3
5.5 E.ect of First Period, w=1
5.6 Equal Length Periods
5.7 Scaling Condition
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9
1 Introduction
2 The Model
3 Initial Conditions
4 Conclusions
Appendix
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10
1 Introduction
2 E.ective Action
2.1 Calculating the E.ective Action – Loop Expansion
3 Uncoupled Quintessence
3.1 Inverse Power Law and Exponential Potentials
3.2 Nambu-Goldstone Cosine Potentials
3.3 Modi.ed Exponentials
4 Coupled Quintessence
4.1 General Bounds on a Coupling
4.2 E.ective Gravitational Fermion Quintessence Coupling
5 Weyl Transformed Fields
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Appendix: Coupling to Gravitons
References
Chapter 11
1 Introduction
2 Electroweak Baryogenesis
2.1 Baryogenesis
2.2 Electroweak Baryogenesis
3 Hypermagnetic Fields and Phase Transitions
4 Magnetic Fields in the Universe
5 CP Violating Fermion Scattering with Hypermagnetic Fields
6 Summary and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12
1 Introduction
2 The Neutralino Gas
3 The Microcanonical Entropy
4 Theoretical and Empiric Entropies
5 Testing the Entropy Consistent Criterion
6 Conclusions
Chapter 13
1 Introduction
2 Several Models for a Brane World
2.1 Brane Models with Large Extra Dimensions
2.2 Randall-Sundrum Model
2.3 Brane Models with Bulk Fields
2.4 Induced Gravity on a Brane
3 Approaches to a Brane World
3.1 Four-Dimensional Approach
3.2 Holographic Approach
3.3 Higher-Dimensional Approach
4 The E.ective Gravitational Equations on a Brane World
5 Randall-Sundrum Type II Brane World Model
5.1 The “Einstein Equations” in the RS II Model
5.2 Cosmology as a Window to Extra Dimensions
6 Brane Model with a Bulk Field
6.1 Brane Model with a Dilaton Field [9]
6.2 Brane Model with Bulk Yang-Mills Field [14]
7 Models with Induced Gravity on a Brane
7.1 Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati’s Induced Gravity Model [10]
7.2 the R2 In.ationary Model
8 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 14
1 Introduction
2 Types of Braneworlds
3 The Randall–Sundrum Type II Braneworld
4 Braneworld In.ation
4.1 Scalar Field Dynamics
4.2 Density Perturbations
4.3 Gravitational Waves
4.4 The Consistency Equation
5 Asymmetric Braneworld In.ation
6 Gauss–Bonnet Braneworld Cosmology
7 Concluding Remark
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 15
1 Introduction
2 The Model
3 Hamiltonian Approach
3.1 Embedding Theory
3.2 Model ADM Decomposed
3.3 Primordial Tensor
3.4 Canonical Constraints
4 Brane Universe Floating in a de Sitter Space
5 Quantum Brane Cosmology
6 Nucleation Rate
6.1 Case A
6.2 Case B
7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 16
1 Introduction
2 Scalar Field Matter from Brane Cosmology
2.1 Brane World Scalar Field Dynamics
2.2 In.ation in the Braneworld Scenario
3 Scalar Field Dark Matter in the Cosmological Context
3.1 Damping of the Scalar Power Spectrum
4 Scalar Field Dark Matter and Structure Formation
4.1 The Flat Space-Time Approximation
4.2 The Formation of Scalar Field Galaxy Halos
4.3 Supermassive Black Holes
5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 17
1 Introduction
2 General Relativity
2.1 Field Equations
2.2 Approximations
2.3 Cosmology
2.4 Singularities
3 Wheeler–DeWitt Quantum Gravity
3.1 The Wheeler–DeWitt Equation
3.2 Minisuperspaces
4 Quantum Geometry
4.1 Basic Operators and States
4.2 Composite Operators
5 Loop Quantum Cosmology
5.1 Symmetric States and Basic Operators
5.2 Inverse Powers of the Scale Factor
5.3 Dynamics16
Large Volume Behavior
Non-singular Evolution
Dynamical Initial Conditions
5.4 Phenomenology
Effective Friedmann Equation
Inflation
5.5 Homogeneous Cosmology
6 Quantum Gravity Phenomenology
6.1 An Implementation in Loop Quantum Gravity
Light
Spin-1/2 Particles
6.2 Summary
7 Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
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