individuals, but to anonymous classics, mainly the Bible published in 1743. A similar index was embedded in the and Talmud. Prestige and promotion are not relevant fac-Talmud two centuries earlier ( 1546). The first Hebrew citors, as they are in modern citation analysis. Gaster tation index to a printed book is dated 1511. The earliest (1929) describes the homiletical applications of Biblical Hebrew manuscript citation index, ascribed to Maimonides, dates from the 12th century. Considerable knowl-citation indexes-use by preachers. Shimeon Brisman edge was assumed for users of these tools. The substan-(personal communication, December 14, 1995) posits tial knowledge of their compilers contrasts with the semithat these indexes also served scholarly purposes, as modautomatic production of modern citation indexes. The ern ones do, but early Hebrew citation indexes are largely terms citation, quotation, reference, cross-reference, lolegal in nature. cator, and concordance are employed inconsistently in publications about Hebrew indexes. There is a lack of Jewish law is characterized by ''vertical legitimation''