The Dynamical Ionosphere: A Systems Approach to Ionospheric Irregularity

✍ Scribed by Massimo Materassi (editor), Biagio Forte (editor), Anthea J. Coster (editor), Susan Skone (editor)

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2019
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 314
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The Dynamical Ionosphere: A Systems Approach to Ionospheric Irregularity examines the Earth’s ionosphere as a dynamical system with signatures of complexity. The system is robust in its overall configuration, with smooth space-time patterns of daily, seasonal and Solar Cycle variability, but shows a hierarchy of interactions among its sub-systems, yielding apparent unpredictability, space-time irregularity, and turbulence. This interplay leads to the need for constructing realistic models of the average ionosphere, incorporating the increasing knowledge and predictability of high variability components, and for addressing the difficulty of dealing with the worst cases of ionospheric disturbances, all of which are addressed in this interdisciplinary book.

Borrowing tools and techniques from classical and stochastic dynamics, information theory, signal processing, fluid dynamics and turbulence science, The Dynamical Ionosphere presents the state-of-the-art in dealing with irregularity, forecasting ionospheric threats, and theoretical interpretation of various ionospheric configurations.

✦ Table of Contents

Front matter
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Introduction
References
Day-to-day variability of the ionosphere
Overview
Quantifying ionospheric variability: Peak electron density and total electron content
References
Ionospheric conjugate point science: Hemispheric coupling
Plasma instability conjugate science
Electrobuoyancy conjugate science
Transitions from conjugate to nonconjugate science: Coherence of ionospheres not connected by B-field lines
References
Status and future directions
References
Mid-latitude ionospheric features: Natural complexity in action
Introduction
Plasmasphere boundary layer
Overview and definition
Frontier questions on PBL-region ionospheric variability
Ionospheric consequences of mid-latitude M-I electrodynamics
SED and SAPS/SAID
Mid-latitude fine-scale structure associated with SAPS/SAID
Resolving theories of SAPS/SAID and SED structure
Geospace system impacts of PBL electron density structuring
Mid-latitude ionospheric irregularities
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Empirical ionospheric models
Conceptual introduction
Ionospheric models
Brief history of the empirical ionospheric models
IRI model
NeQuick model
The future
Acknowledgment
References
Wrap up
References
Space weather: Variability in the Sun-Earth connection
The Sun
Structure of the interior of the Sun
Surface of the Sun: Photosphere
Atmosphere of the Sun: Chromosphere, transition region, and corona
Changes in the Sun
Rotation of the Sun and Carrington solar coordinates
Evolution of the photospheric magnetic field
Variability of the solar energetic output
The solar wind and its variability
Variability of the solar wind at the Earth
Space storms
Flares and CMEs
Solar energetic particles and cosmic rays
References
Further reading
Storms and substorms-The new whole system approach and future challenges
Introduction
A brief description of the evolution of storm time response of the ionosphere prior to the new perspective
Discussions on coupling of the ionosphere with the plasmasphere and magnetosphere were initiated
Questions
Progress in modeling and observations
New developments
Overview
Storm time response of ionospheric electrodynamics
Overview
Prompt penetration electric field
What is the prompt penetration electric field?
Physical mechanisms of under- vs overshielding
Recent studies
Subauroral ion drift and subauroral polarization streams
SAID vs SAPS
SAID/SAPS generation mechanism: voltage vs current generators
Recent studies
Neutral wind-generated electric fields
Overview
Wind-generated electric fields at mid and low latitudes: The disturbance dynamo effect
Wind-generated electric fields at high latitude: The flywheel effect
Impact of neutral wind-generated electric fields on the magnetosphere
Response of ionosphere to electric fields
Overview
What are the dusk effect and SED?
Formation mechanisms
Universal time, longitude, season, IMF, and hemispheric dependences
Ionosphere-plasmasphere-magnetosphere coupling
Summary and future challenges
Summary
Unsolved questions
Future directions
Acknowledgments
References
Geomagnetically induced currents
Introduction
Geomagnetic storm
Geomagnetically induced currents evaluation
The 2015 June event
June 22 sudden impulse: IP3
A comparison with 2015 St. Patrick's Day storm
Summary and Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
From instability to irregularities
Introduction
Theoretical background
Interchange instabilities and equatorial spread F (ESF)
Instability in sporadic-E-layers
Farley-Buneman waves
Artificial irregularities and ionospheric modification
Excitation threshold
Hysteresis and preconditioning
Echo timescales
Gyroharmonic effects
Fine structure
Summary and conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Equatorial F region irregularities
Introduction
Generation mechanism
Observational techniques used in ESF investigation, and the irregularity types
Spatial and temporal distribution, and variabilities of the irregularities
Upward propagating wave disturbances
Equator-ward propagating disturbances in the form of penetration electric field or ionosphere-thermosphere (I-T) per ...
ESF/bubble development or disruption due to undershielding electric field
Summary
References
Further reading
Scintillation theory
Introduction
The Rytov approximation
Mutual coherence function
The parabolic wave equation
MPS calculation
Formulation
Propagation through a phase screen
Free-space propagation
Phase-screen generation
Example of wide bandwidth propagation
Conclusion
References
The complex ionosphere
Introduction
Smooth and deterministic: FD of the EI
The ``parcel philosophy´´
The ionospheric fluid equations
Complexity within and beyond the basic fluid approximation
Noisy turbulence in the equatorial spread F
The system
Functional formalism
Kernel Aψ;ti,tf for a calculable C case
Problems and perspectives
A few take-home messages
References
High-resolution approaches to ionospheric exploration
Introduction
Conceptual framework
Sensor models
Photometric imaging
Incoherent scatter radar
Global navigation satellite systems
Ionosonde
Data fusion
Reconstruction filter for ISR
Reconstruction filter for TEC
Formulation of the joint reconstruction filter
Example application: Reconstruction of B density structure
Summary
References
Advanced statistical tools in the near-Earth space science
Introduction
Scale invariance and statistical properties: Analysis methods
Information theory-based approaches
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Ionospheric science in the age of big data
Current state of the ionospheric science
Data mining for scientific data landscape
Supervised learning
Application of SVM in ionospheric science
Other interpretable supervised learning techniques
Artificial neural networks and deep learning
Auto encoders
Unsupervised learning
Other unsupervised learning methods
Anomaly detection
Dimensionality reduction
Ionospheric questions that can benefit from machine learning
Notes of caution
Data distribution
Data gaps
Hyperparameter tuning
Evaluating the model performance
Infrastructure needed to enable big data approaches
Summary and future
References
Further reading
Scintillation modeling
Introduction
Propagation modeling from real in situ measurements: The WAM model
Theoretical framework
Predictions of the WAM model
From semi-empirical to empirical climatology
The ground-based scintillation climatology
Examples of GBSC outputs
Critical review and perspectives
References
Multiscale analysis of the turbulent ionospheric medium
Introduction
Multiscale nature of the ionospheric medium
Application: Case study in the ionosphere
Acknowledgments
References
The future of the ionosphere (according to us)
References
Index