The Diatoms: Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences

✍ Scribed by John P. Smol, Eugene F. Stoermer

• Publisher: Cambridge University Press
• Year: 2010
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 687
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This much revised and expanded edition provides a valuable and detailed summary of the many uses of diatoms in a wide range of applications in the environmental and earth sciences. Particular emphasis is placed on the use of diatoms in analysing ecological problems related to climate change, acidification, eutrophication, and other pollution issues. The chapters are divided into sections for easy reference, with separate sections covering indicators in different aquatic environments. A final section explores diatom use in other fields of study such as forensics, oil and gas exploration, nanotechnology, and archaeology. Sixteen new chapters have been added since the first edition including introductory chapters on diatom biology and the numerical approaches used by diatomists. The extensive glossary has also been expanded and now includes over 1,000 detailed entries, which will help non-specialists to use the book effectively.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Contributors......Page 11
Preface......Page 19
Part I Introduction......Page 21
1 Applications and uses of diatoms: prologue......Page 23
References......Page 27
2.1 Introduction......Page 28
2.2 Classification......Page 30
2.3.1 Reproduction......Page 31
2.3.3 Silica and frustule formation......Page 33
2.3.4 Plastids......Page 34
2.4 Ecology and growth habits......Page 36
2.5 Sample preparation and material preservation......Page 37
References......Page 38
3.1 Introduction......Page 43
3.3 Data collection and data assessment......Page 44
3.3.2 Error estimation......Page 45
3.4.1 Exploratory data analysis......Page 46
3.4.2.1 Clustering and partitioning approaches......Page 47
3.4.2.2 Ordinationapproaches......Page 48
3.4.2.3 Twoormorestratigraphical sequences......Page 49
3.5.1 Taxonomic richness......Page 50
3.5.3 Constrained ordination methods......Page 51
3.5.4 Estimating species optima and tolerances......Page 53
3.5.5 Reconstruction of environmental variables......Page 55
3.5.2.1 Basic approaches and assumptions......Page 56
3.5.5.2 Two-wayweighted averaging......Page 57
3.5.5.3 Weighted averaging partial least-squares regression (WA-PLS)......Page 58
3.5.5.4 Gaussian logit regression and maximum likelihood calibration (ML)......Page 59
3.5.5.5 Spatial autocorrelation and diatom-environment reconstructions......Page 60
3.5.6 Temporal-series analysis......Page 61
3.6.1 Introduction......Page 62
3.6.2 Indirect hypothesis testing......Page 63
3.6.3 Data synthesis......Page 64
3.7 Future challenges......Page 65
Acknowledgments......Page 66
References......Page 67
Part II Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in flowing waters and lakes......Page 75
4.2 Rationale for using diatoms......Page 77
4.3.2 An organizational framework for assemblage attributes......Page 80
4.3.3 Biomass assay......Page 82
4.3.4 Diversity......Page 83
4.3.5 Taxonomic similarity......Page 84
4.3.6 Guild indicators......Page 85
4.3.7 Weighted average autecological indices......Page 86
4.3.8 Sources of error......Page 87
4.3.9 Robust indicators......Page 89
4.3.12 Functional characteristics......Page 90
4.3.13 Multimetric indices......Page 91
4.4.1.1 Referenceconditionsandassessment......Page 92
4.4.1.2 Ecological criteria and assessment......Page 93
4.4.2 Re.ning assessments by accounting for natural variability......Page 94
4.4.3 Stressors condition and diagnosis......Page 96
Acknowledgments......Page 97
References......Page 98
5.1 Introduction......Page 106
5.2 Are the fluvial diatoms allochthonous or autochthonous?......Page 107
5.4.1 St. Lawrence River case study......Page 108
5.4.2 The Upper Mississippi River – Lakes Pepin and St. Croix case study......Page 109
5.6 Artificial impoundments......Page 111
5.8 Flowing rivers......Page 113
References......Page 114
6.2 Diatoms as indicators of pH in acid waters......Page 118
6.3.1.1 Long-term soil acidi.cation......Page 120
6.3.1.2 Post-glacial changes in catchment vegetation......Page 122
6.3.2 Human modi.cation of catchment soils and vegetation......Page 123
6.3.3.2 Acid-mine drainage (AMD) and industrial wastewaterdischarge......Page 124
6.3.4.1 Diatom evidence for recent surface-water acidi.cation......Page 125
6.3.4.2 Use of diatoms in monitoring recoveryfromthe effects of acid deposition......Page 128
6.3.5 Reference conditions, restoration targets, andmodels......Page 131
Acknowledgments......Page 133
References......Page 134
7.1 Introduction......Page 142
7.2 Why diatoms are useful indicators of lake eutrophication......Page 143
7.3.2 Field observation......Page 144
7.4 Responses of periphytic diatoms to eutrophication......Page 145
7.5 Using diatoms to investigate past eutrophication trends......Page 146
7.5.1 Modern quantitative methods......Page 147
7.5.2 Assessment of diatom–TP model performance, errors, and evaluation......Page 149
7.6 Case studies......Page 151
7.6.1.1 Short-term (decade to century scale) eutrophication trends......Page 152
7.6.1.2 Long-term human impacts (millennium scale)......Page 153
7.6.1.4 Naturally productive lakes......Page 154
7.6.2 Regional assessments using diatoms......Page 155
7.6.3 Eutrophication management using diatoms in combination with other approaches......Page 158
7.6.4 Using diatoms to evaluate empirical eutrophication models......Page 159
7.6.5 Using diatoms to quantify factors regulating lake eutrophication......Page 160
7.6.6 Multiple indicator (or multiproxy) studies......Page 161
7.7 Future directions......Page 162
References......Page 163
8.1 Introduction......Page 172
8.2.2 Benthic diatom dynamics......Page 173
8.3 Diatoms as contemporary biological indicators in shallow lakes......Page 174
8.4 Diatoms as paleoecological indicators in shallow lakes......Page 176
8.4.2 Eutrophication......Page 177
8.4.3 Impacts of land-use change......Page 181
8.4.4 Ecological reference conditions and management targets......Page 182
8.5.1 Ecological studies......Page 185
8.5.2 Beyond diatom-transfer functions......Page 186
References......Page 187
9.1 Introduction......Page 194
9.2.1 Growth habit......Page 195
9.2.4 Turbulence......Page 196
9.2.6 pH......Page 197
9.3.2 Ordination......Page 198
9.3.4 Photic zone and diatom habitat availability......Page 199
9.5 Summary......Page 201
References......Page 203
10.1.2 Lake salinity and ionic composition......Page 206
10.1.3 Diatoms and lake-water chemistry......Page 207
10.2 Tools for environmental reconstruction......Page 208
10.2.1 Diatoms and salinity gradients in modern calibration data sets......Page 209
10.3 Environmental reconstructions......Page 210
10.3.1 African records of Quaternary climate and hydrology......Page 211
10.3.2 North and South American records of Quaternary climate and hydrology......Page 213
10.3.3 High-resolution studies of climatic variability......Page 215
10.4.1 Taphonomy......Page 218
10.4.2 Dissolution......Page 219
10.4.3 Salinity reconstruction......Page 220
10.4.4 Climatic reconstruction......Page 221
10.5 Summary......Page 222
References......Page 223
11.2 Biodiversity and evolution of diatoms in ancient lakes......Page 229
11.3 Integrity of diatom records in ancient-lake sediments......Page 232
11.4.1 Quaternary glacial–interglacial climate change......Page 233
11.4.2 Last-interglacial climate variability......Page 239
11.4.3 Abrupt climate events......Page 240
11.4.4 Human impacts......Page 243
References......Page 245
Part III Diatoms as indicators in Arctic, Antarctic, and alpine lacustrine environments......Page 249
12.1 Introduction......Page 251
12.2 Diatoms as paleoenvironmental indicators at the tree line......Page 252
12.3.1 Effects of landscape and climate change on underwater light exposure......Page 254
12.3.2 Effects of landscape and climate change on underwater light exposure......Page 255
12.4.1 Himalaya......Page 256
12.4.2 Alps......Page 257
12.4.3 Changing environments: the last glacial termination......Page 259
12.4.4 Indirect effects: a temperature-pH relationship in alpine lakes......Page 260
12.5 Common features to subarctic and mountain lake diatom assemblages......Page 261
12.6 Summary......Page 262
References......Page 263
13.2 Limnological setting......Page 269
13.3 Historical review......Page 270
13.6.1 Climate, ice cover, and related environmental variables......Page 272
13.6.4 Extending the diatom paleoclimatic record to pre-Holocene times......Page 277
13.6.6 High-resolution diatom lake sediment records......Page 278
13.6.10 Monitoring airborne contaminants and local disturbances......Page 279
References......Page 280
14.1.2 Antarctic diatoms......Page 287
14.2 Lakes and ponds......Page 291
14.3 Streams......Page 294
14.5 Eolian transport of diatom valves......Page 295
14.8 Subglacial lakes......Page 296
14.10 Summary......Page 297
References......Page 298
Part IV Diatoms as indicators in marine and estuarine environments......Page 305
15.1.2 Large brackish-water ecosystems......Page 307
15.1.4 Diatoms and environmental change......Page 308
15.2.2 Evolution......Page 309
15.3.3 Reconstructing paleosalinity in large brackish-water systems......Page 310
15.3.6 Diatom diversity along salinity gradients......Page 311
15.3.8 Fossil diatom assemblages reflect salinity shifts over geological time......Page 312
15.4.2 Diatom species diversity and temperature......Page 315
15.4.6 Benthic community composition along temperature gradients......Page 316
15.4.9 Fossil diatom assemblages reflect long-term changes in temperature and climate......Page 317
15.5.2 Long-term trends in eutrophication – paleolimnological evidence......Page 318
15.5.4 Regime shifts in pelagic phytoplankton communities......Page 319
15.6.1 The Baltic Sea......Page 320
15.7.1 Metals......Page 321
15.8 Summary......Page 322
References......Page 323
16.2 Eutrophication and pollution......Page 329
16.2.1 Distributional studies......Page 330
16.2.3 Functional studies......Page 331
16.2.4 Water-quality indices......Page 332
16.2.5 Estuaries and shallow coastal waters: changing conditions, changing approaches......Page 333
16.2.7 Sediment toxicity......Page 334
16.3 Sediment stability......Page 335
16.4.2 Verticalmigration......Page 336
16.4.4 Stable-isotope ecology......Page 337
16.5 Summary......Page 338
References......Page 339
17.1.1 Description of estuaries......Page 344
17.1.2 Habitats and environmental history......Page 345
17.2.2 Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV)......Page 346
17.3.2 Valve preservation......Page 347
17.4 Methods......Page 348
17.4.2 Statistical analysis of data......Page 349
17.5.1 Diatoms and SAV......Page 350
17.5.2.2 Salt-water encroachment......Page 351
17.5.3.1 Pamlico and Neuse estuaries......Page 352
17.5.3.3 Puget Sound andHoodCanal......Page 355
17.5.3.4 Merrymeeting Bay and Kennebec Estuary......Page 356
17.5.3.5 Florida Bay and Biscayne Bay......Page 357
References......Page 359
18.2 Reefs and mangroves as diatom habitats......Page 366
18.3 Biogeography and the potential for moderate endemism......Page 367
18.4 Farmer fish territories as special habitats for diatoms......Page 368
18.5 Diatoms ofmeromicticmarine lakes......Page 370
References......Page 373
19.1 Introduction......Page 377
19.2 Diatoms and salt-marsh environments......Page 378
19.3.1 Sea-level index points......Page 381
19.3.2 Isolation basins......Page 382
19.3.3 Transfer functions......Page 383
19.4 Diatoms and land-level change......Page 384
19.5.1 Paleotsunamis......Page 386
19.5.2 Paleotempestology......Page 387
Acknowledgments......Page 388
References......Page 389
20.1 Marine diatoms as indicators of modern environment change......Page 393
20.2 Historical development......Page 394
20.3 Methodology......Page 395
20.5.1.1 Atlantic Ocean......Page 396
20.5.1.3 Pacific Ocean......Page 407
20.5.2.1 Atlantic Ocean......Page 408
20.5.2.3 Pacific Ocean......Page 409
20.6.2 South Indian......Page 410
20.6.3 Southeast Indian......Page 411
20.6.5 Antarctic Peninsula......Page 412
20.7.2 Changes in longer-term studies......Page 413
20.7.4 Diatom species indicative of certain events......Page 414
20.7.5 Benefits in looking at the marine surface sediments under a trap......Page 415
Acknowledgments......Page 416
References......Page 417
21.1 Introduction......Page 421
21.2.1 Primary productivity......Page 422
21.2.2 Records of sea-surface temperature......Page 425
21.2.2.2 Antarctic reconstructions......Page 426
21.2.3.1 Arctic reconstructions......Page 427
21.2.3.2 Antarctic reconstructions......Page 428
21.3.1 Formation and accumulation of diatom-rich laminated sediments......Page 429
21.3.3 Sites of accumulation of Holocene diatom-rich laminated sediments......Page 431
21.3.4 Advances using Holocene laminated diatom ooze studies......Page 434
21.4.1 Evidence for solar cycles in diatom ooze sediments......Page 435
21.4.2 Links between solar activity and surface ocean conditions......Page 436
References......Page 437
22.1.1 The significance of the fossil diatom record......Page 444
22.1.2 Modernmarine diatoms as analogs for the past......Page 445
22.1.3 Application of marine diatoms to paleoceanography......Page 446
22.1.4.1 Distribution......Page 447
22.1.4.2 Historical aspects......Page 448
22.2.1 Dissolution......Page 449
22.2.3 Diagenesis......Page 450
22.3 Past tectonic, oceanographic, and climatic events......Page 451
22.3.1 Evolutionary and sedimentary responses to tectonic and climatic changes: an overview......Page 452
22.3.1.1 Paleogeography in a doubthouse world – the 22.3.1.1 Paleogeography in a doubthouse world – the middle Eocene......Page 454
22.3.1.2 Diatom changes across the Eocene–Oligocene (E–O) transition......Page 456
22.3.1.3 Changesinbiosiliceoussedimentationinanicehouse world......Page 458
22.3.2.1 Stratification......Page 459
22.3.2.2 Giantdiatomsandoceanfronts......Page 460
22.3.2.3 Upwelling......Page 461
22.3.3 Ice-sheet and sea-ice history......Page 462
22.3.3.1 Sea ice......Page 463
22.3.4 Diatoms and the evolution of ocean-going mammals and birds......Page 464
References......Page 466
23.2.1 The Southern Ocean......Page 474
23.2.3 BSi as a proxy for production......Page 475
23.2.4 Export efficiency and accumulation rates......Page 476
23.2.6 Potential impact of variability in the BSi/C ratio of production......Page 477
23.3 Synthesis......Page 478
References......Page 480
Part V Other applications......Page 483
24.2 Systematics......Page 485
24.3.1 Factors influencing distribution......Page 487
24.3.2 Biogeography......Page 488
24.4.1 Aerial diatoms as indicators......Page 489
References......Page 490
25.1.1 Importance of diatoms in wetlands......Page 493
25.1.2 Wetland types covered in this chapter......Page 494
25.2.2 Obtaining sediment records from wetlands......Page 495
25.2.3 Sediment accumulation in wetlands and chronological calibration......Page 496
25.2.4 Extracting diatoms from wetland sediments......Page 497
25.3.1 Diatom response to water depth variability in wetlands......Page 498
25.3.2 Diatom response to aerial exposure in temporarywetlands......Page 499
25.3.4 Diatom responses to changes in water source and food pulses......Page 501
25.4.1 Diatom responses to changing nutrient availability......Page 502
25.5.1 Diatoms in peat deposits: paleoecological applications......Page 505
25.5.2 Diatom taxonomic distribution in peatlands......Page 507
25.5.3 Diatoms and environmental change in northern peatlands (boreal/Arctic)......Page 508
25.6 Future directions......Page 510
References......Page 511
26.2 Contemporary studies documenting the effect of vertebrates on inland waters......Page 517
26.2.1 Pacific salmon......Page 518
26.2.2 Birds......Page 519
26.2.4 Non-anadromous fish......Page 521
26.3.1 Past Pacific salmon population dynamics......Page 522
26.3.2 Past bird dynamics......Page 524
26.3.3 Past dynamics of largemammals: seals, whales and ungulates......Page 525
26.3.4 Past dynamics of non-anadromous fish......Page 526
26.5 Summary......Page 527
References......Page 530
27.2 Analysis of archeological artifacts and buildingmaterials......Page 534
27.3 Analysis of archeological sediments......Page 535
27.4 Site-based paleoenvironmental reconstructions......Page 536
27.5 Regional paleoenvironmental reconstructions......Page 537
Acknowledgments......Page 539
References......Page 540
28.2 Applications......Page 543
28.3 Summary......Page 550
References......Page 551
29.2 Drowning......Page 554
29.2.1 Sample preparation......Page 555
29.3 Diatoms on wet clothing......Page 556
29.5 Other applications......Page 557
References......Page 558
30.2 Life cycles......Page 560
30.3 Biogeography......Page 564
30.4 Species detection and bloom ecology......Page 565
30.5 Toxin trophic transfer......Page 566
References......Page 568
31.2 Paleoclimatology and transport of African diatoms......Page 572
31.3 Deposition of wind-blown diatoms in Greenland......Page 573
31.4 Antarctic deposition of eolian diatoms and Pliocene warming......Page 574
31.5 Maritime polar and sub-polar eolian diatoms, and seasonality......Page 575
References......Page 576
32.1 Introduction......Page 580
32.2.1 Laurentian Great Lakes of North America......Page 581
32.2.2 Volga River......Page 582
32.2.4.2 Didymosphenia geminata......Page 583
32.3 Summary......Page 586
References......Page 587
33.2 Origin of diatomite......Page 590
33.3 History and use of diatomite......Page 591
33.4 Production of diatomite......Page 592
References......Page 593
34.2.1 Oxygen isotopes......Page 595
34.2.2 Silicon isotopes......Page 598
34.2.3.1 Carbon isotopes......Page 599
34.3 Concentration and purification......Page 600
34.4.1 Oxygen isotopes......Page 602
34.4.2 Silicon isotopes......Page 603
34.6 Summary......Page 604
References......Page 605
35.1 History of diatom nanotechnology......Page 610
35.2 Diatom taxonomy versus diatom nanotechnology......Page 611
35.3 The attainable perfection of diatoms for industrial quality control......Page 615
35.4 Bionanotechnology and biomimetics of diatoms......Page 616
35.5 Manufacturing goals of diatom nanotechnology......Page 618
35.6 Outlook......Page 620
References......Page 621
Part VI Conclusions......Page 629
36 Epilogue: re.ections on the past and a view to the future......Page 631
References......Page 633
Glossary, acronyms, and abbreviations......Page 634
Index......Page 675