Abstract
Background
Bronchiolitis describes a viral inflammation of the bronchioles in the lower respiratory tract that is typically caused by infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Bronchiolitis is characterized by high morbidity and affects approximately one in three infants. Children are currently treated with a variety of therapies that may be ineffective or even harmful; potential therapies include antibiotics, bronchodilators, chest physiotherapy, epinephrine, extrathoracic pressure, glucocorticoids, heliox, hypertonic saline, immunoglobulin, inhaled corticosteroids and oxygen therapy.
Objectives
This updated overview of reviews aims to synthesize evidence from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) on the effectiveness and safety of 11 pharmacologic and nonβpharmacologic treatments to improve bronchiolitis symptoms in outpatient, inpatient and intensive care populations.
Methods
The CDSR was searched using the term βbronchiolitisβ restricted to the title, abstract or keywords for all systematic reviews examining pharmacologic or nonβpharmacologic interventions for the treatment of bronchiolitis in infants and children. Data were extracted, complied into tables, and synthesized using qualitative and quantitative methods.
Main Results
For outpatients with bronchiolitis (defined as the first episode of wheezing in children under two), nebulized epinephrine decreased hospitalization rate on day one by 33% (RR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.50, 0.89; 4 trials; 920 participants). With the addition of glucocorticoids, there was a reduction of similar magnitude for hospitalization rate within seven days (RR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.95; 1 trial; 400 participants). For inpatients, nebulized epinephrine versus bronchodilator and 3% hypertonic saline versus 0.9% saline each decreased length of stay: epinephrine decreased length of stay by seven hours (MD: β 0.28; 95% CI: β 0.46, β 0.09; 4 trials; 261 participants), and 3% hypertonic saline decreased length of stay by 28 hours (MD: β 1.16; 95% CI: β 1.55, β 0.77; 4 trials; 282 participants).
Outpatients treated with epinephrine or epinephrine and glucocorticoid combined both had significantly lower clinical scores at 60 minutes (SMD: β 0.45; 95% CI: β 0.66, β 0.23; 4 trials; 900 participants, and SMD: β 0.34; 95% CI: β 0.54, β 0.14; 1 trial; 399 participants). For inpatients, epinephrine versus bronchodilator led to a significantly lower clinical score at both 60 minutes (SMD: β 0.79; 95% CI: β 1.45, β 0.13; 4 trials; 248 participants; I^2^: 79%) and 120 minutes (SMD: β 0.52; 95% CI: β 0.86, β 0.18; 1 trial; 140 participants). Inpatients treated with chest physiotherapy or 3% hypertonic saline both had significantly lower clinical scores at 1β3 days (SMD: β 0.55; 95% CI: β 0.98, β 0.12; 1 trial; 87 participants, and SMD: β 0.84; 95% CI: β 1.39, β 0.30; 3 trials; 183 participants).
Authors' Conclusions
For outpatients with bronchiolitis, nebulized epinephrine can be effective in avoiding hospitalization. Systemic glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone cannot be recommended as a routine therapy given the current level of evidence and potential for adverse events. For inpatients, regular nebulized hypertonic saline (3%) driven using oxygen may reduce the length of hospital stay. Chest physiotherapy, nebulized epinephrine and systemic and inhaled glucocorticoids cannot be recommended for inpatients given the weak level of evidence. For the sickest of patients in the intensive care unit, intravenous immunoglobulin, heliumβoxygen mixtures (heliox) and extrathoracic pressure cannot be recommended due to lack of available evidence and/or methodological flaws of reviews. Copyright Β© 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration