In 39 squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), the effects of various brain lesions on vocalizations elicited from the precallosal cingulate gyrus were tested. It was found that lesions abolishing the "cingular vocalization" completely can be traced from the stimulation site continuously down to the laryngeal motoneurons in the nucleus ambiguus. The pathway thus determined (Fig. 4) travels from the precallosal cingulate gyrus through the frontal white matter and enters the internal capsule from a dorsolateral position. The pathway then follows this structure in a medio-caudal direction down to the caudal diencephalon. Here, the effective lesions leave the corticospinal tract and ascend dorsally into the periaqueductal grey. The pathway follows this structure to its end where it sweeps lateral through the parabrachial area and then descends through the lateral pons and ventrolateral medulla to the nucleus ambiguus. In nine of the animals, in addition, the effects of bilateral anterior cingular lesions on vocalizations elicited in other brain areas were tested. It was found that the only vocalization-eliciting area which becomes ineffective after destruction of the anterior cingulate gyrus is the postero-medial orbital cortex.