The Book of Chatbots: From ELIZA to ChatGPT

✍ Scribed by Robert Ciesla

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 167
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Primitive software chatbots emerged in the 1960s, evolving swiftly through the decades and becoming able to provide engaging human-to-computer interactions sometime in the 1990s. Today, conversational technology is ubiquitous in many homes. Paired with web-searching abilities and neural networking, modern chatbots are capable of many tasks and are a major driving force behind machine learning and the quest for strong artificial intelligence, also known as artificial general intelligence (AGI).

Sophisticated artificial intelligence is changing the online world as advanced software chatbots can provide customer service, research duties, and assist in healthcare. Modern chatbots have indeed numerous applications ― including those of a malicious nature. They can write our essays, conduct autonomous scams, and potentially influence politics.

The Book of Chatbots is both a retrospective and a review of current artificial intelligence-driven conversational solutions. It explores their appeal to businesses and individuals as well as their greater social aspects, including the impact on academia. The book explains all relevant concepts for readers with no previous knowledge in these topics. Unearthing the secrets of virtual assistants such as the (in)famous ChatGPT and many other exciting technologies, The Book of Chatbots is meant for anyone interested in the topic, laypeople and IT-enthusiasts alike.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
About the Author
Contents
Chapter 1: The Challenge of the Turing Test
1.1 Introductory Small Talk
1.2 On Chatbots and the Arrival of Artificial Intelligence
1.3 Alan Turing, OBE, FRS: Pioneer, Mathematician, Cryptographer
1.4 The Turing Machine
1.4.1 The Decision Problem
1.4.2 The Universal Turing Machine
1.4.3 The Turing Test
1.5 Can Computers Ever Think?
1.6 More on Gödel’s Theorems
1.6.1 Gödel Numbers: The Art of Encoding Data
1.7 More on Computers and Their Binary Diet
1.8 In Closing
References
Chapter 2: Developments in Artificial Intelligence and Linguistics
2.1 Natural Language Processing
2.1.1 Symbolic NLP
2.1.2 Statistical NLP
2.1.3 Neural NLP
2.2 Markov Models
2.2.1 Hidden Markov Models
2.3 Artificial Neural Networks
2.3.1 Attack of the Perceptrons
2.3.2 Training an ANN
2.4 Large Language Models (LLMs)
2.4.1 Far Out! Your Chatbot May Be Hallucinating
2.5 Weak vs Strong AI
2.6 On the Singularity
2.6.1 AI Safety
2.7 Our Digital Lives: Big Data
2.8 Insightful Refrigerators: Welcome to the Internet of Things
2.9 The Unnerving Case for Quantum Computing
2.9.1 On the Strangeness of Quantum Noise
2.9.2 Quantum Supremacy
2.10 The Rights of an AI Citizen
2.11 A Few Words on AI Dystopias
2.12 On a Technological Utopia
2.13 Switching to Linguistics
2.13.1 Phonetics and Phonology
2.13.2 Morphology
2.13.3 Syntax
2.13.4 Semantics
2.13.5 Pragmatics and Grice’s Maxims
2.13.6 Colorless Green Ideas: Exploring Linguistic Theories
2.13.7 Transformational-Generative Grammar (TGG)
2.13.8 Universal Grammar
2.13.9 Criticisms of Universal Grammar
2.14 How an AI Digests Language
2.14.1 Tokenisation
2.14.2 Lemmatisation
2.14.3 Stemming
2.14.4 Part-of-Speech Tagging (POST)
2.14.5 Syntactic Analysis
2.14.6 Semantic Analysis
2.14.7 Pragmatic and Sentimental Analysis
2.15 In Closing
References
Chapter 3: The Classic Era of Chatbots
3.1 ELIZA, an Ancient Artificial Therapist
3.1.1 ELIZA’s Legacy: Games and AI Literature
3.1.2 On the ELIZA Effect
3.1.3 ChatGPT on ELIZA
3.2 PARRY, 28, Paranoid
3.2.1 A Meeting of Virtual Minds
3.2.2 ChatGPT on PARRY
3.3 Jabberwacky: A Frivolous Virtual Companion
3.3.1 A Silly Yet Important Legacy
3.3.2 ChatGPT on Jabberwacky
3.4 Historical Chatbots: A Summary
3.5 In Closing
References
Chapter 4: The Current Era of Chatbots
4.1 A.L.I.C.E. (Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity)
4.2 The Basics of Artificial Intelligence Markup Language (AIML)
4.2.1 Recursion in AIML
4.2.2 Randomization in AIML
4.2.3 Substitutions in AIML
4.3 A.L.I.C.E. Developments
4.4 Kuki, the Next Generation A.L.I.C.E.
4.5 SmarterChild
4.6 SimSimi: Chatbot Controversy
4.7 Braina
4.8 IBM Watson, Quiz Show Contestant
4.9 Emotional Support Chatbots
4.9.1 Wysa, the Proactive Virtual Therapist
4.9.2 Texting with Tess
4.9.3 Replika AI: Digital Intimacy
4.9.4 Woebot: Easing One’s COVID-Woes
4.10 ChatGPT
4.10.1 Bing! Poe! Your Free GPT-4
4.10.2 GPT Context Windows
4.10.3 GPT Parameters
4.10.4 More on ChatGPT
4.11 Open Assistant
4.12 Google’s LaMDA-Files
4.13 Bard: Google’s Response to ChatGPT
4.14 Before Bard, There Was BERT
4.15 Moving Out of the Anglosphere: Chatbots and Languages
4.15.1 The Google Bard
4.15.2 Open Assistant
4.15.3 ChatGPT
4.16 Bard vs ChatGPT
4.17 Microsoft 365 Copilot: GPT for Excel
4.18 Microsoft Cortana
4.19 Of Speech and Text: TTS and STT
4.20 Paging Dr. Sbaitso!
4.21 Digital Audio Primer
4.22 On AI Emotional Intelligence (EI)
4.23 Computer Vision (CV) in a Shell of a Nut
4.24 Siri
4.25 Hidden Markov Models vs Deep Neural Networks
4.26 Deep Neural Networks vs Artificial Neural Networks
4.27 Siri, a Third Party for Your Intimate Moments
4.28 Alexa! Play Leather Jackets by Nami Rha
4.28.1 Customizing Alexa with Skills
4.28.2 Alexa’s Cloud System: Amazon Web Services
4.29 Natural Language Processing (NLP) vs Natural Language Understanding (NLU)
4.30 Language Model Problems
4.31 Conversing with Chatbots: Best Practises
4.32 In Closing
References
Chapter 5: AI and Chatbots in Healthcare
5.1 On the Importance of Medical Chatbots
5.1.1 Common Tasks of Chatbots in Healthcare
5.1.2 On Telehealth and Chatbots
5.2 ADA Health
5.3 Healthily
5.4 Babylon Health
5.5 HealthTap
5.6 Symptomate
5.7 Doctors vs Apps
5.8 AI in Healthcare: Ethics and Challenges
5.8.1 Privacy and Data Security
5.8.2 Transparency
5.8.3 Bias and Fairness
5.8.4 Accountability and Liability
5.8.5 Informed Consent
5.8.6 Reliability and Safety
5.8.7 Prioritization of Care
5.8.8 End-of-Life Decisions
5.8.9 Job Displacement
5.9 I Want a Real Nurse! Overdependence on AI
5.10 Yet More Fun with Acronyms
5.10.1 Support Vector Machines (SVMs)
5.10.2 More on SVMs: Hyperplanes and Support Vectors
5.10.3 On Federated Learning (FL)
5.10.4 Applications of FL
5.11 In Closing
References
Chapter 6: Chatbots in eCommerce
6.1 Pre-chatbot Online Businesses
6.1.1 A Reasonably Brief History of the Dot-Com Bubble
6.1.2 Embracing the AI Bubble
6.1.3 Living and Learning
6.2 Chatbots in eCommerce
6.2.1 Designing an eCommerce-Chatbot
6.2.2 Decision-Tree Chatbots in eCommerce
6.3 Chatbots for Business: Some Solid Solutions
6.3.1 ChatBot by LiveChat Software
6.3.2 Salesforce by Haptik
6.3.3 Netomi
6.3.4 Ada
6.3.5 Pandorabots: The Joys of AIML
6.3.6 Rasa
6.4 Terms of the Testing Trade
6.4.1 Tools for Testing Your Bots
6.4.2 Chatbot Testing Techniques
6.5 On eCommerce Chatbot User Interfaces
6.6 What’s Next for eCommerce
6.7 In Closing
References
Chapter 7: Chatbots as Villains: The Antisocial Uses of AI
7.1 The Dangers of Disinformation
7.2 Malicious Chatbots as Fake Friends
7.3 Safer Surfing
7.4 Botnets
7.5 Email Phishing
7.6 Phishing with Chatbots
7.7 “Mom, I need money”: AI Voice Scamming
7.8 Swapping Faces: The Wonders of Deepfakes
7.8.1 The Legality of Deepfakes
7.8.2 Pioneering Deepfake Analysis with FaceForensics
7.8.3 Constructive Deepfaking
7.9 Virulent Coding with Chatbots
7.10 Holding Devices Ransom
7.11 AI to the Rescue
7.12 Chatbots and Aigiarism in Academia
7.12.1 Addressing Botted and Plagiarized Essays
7.12.2 Critique for Plagiarism Detection Software
7.12.3 Anti-aigiarism Software and Context-Awareness
7.13 AI: The Great Energy Hog
7.14 Academia and Chatbots: A Peaceful Coexistence
7.15 Chatbots in the Academic Press
7.16 On Privacy
7.17 Extremism and Chatbots
7.18 Securing Chatbots as Benevolent Assistants
7.19 Securing Our Future
7.20 In Closing
References
Chapter 8: Towards an Artificial General Intelligence
8.1 Artificial General Intelligence: Strong AI
8.2 On AGI Research and Development
8.2.1 Baum’s Findings
8.3 Leading Experts on AGI
8.3.1 Identified Problems and Potential Solutions
8.4 The AGI Containment Problem
8.4.1 On AGI Containers
8.4.2 Containment: Traditional Solutions
8.5 In Closing
8.6 On Immortality and Coworker Geniality
References