Fulltext search
The BIM Manager
Imprint / Copyright
Foreword
Editor’s Preface
Author’s Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Construction and the Digital Transformation
1.1.1 The case for BIM
1.1.2 The response
1.2 What is Building Information Modelling?
1.2.1 The building blocks of BIM
1.3 Implementation
1.3.1 The BIM Process
1.3.2 Taking the first steps
1.4 BIM capability and model-use progression
1.4.1 little bim / BIG BIM
1.4.2 Transition BIM
1.5 Project requirements definition and delivery planning
1.6 The BIM Manager
1.6.1 Competency and Responsibililty
Guest Contribution: Daily Implementation
Case study: BayWa high-rise building
2 Basic Concepts and Principles
2.1 BIM Uses
2.2 Phases
2.2.1 Phase and use
2.3 Actor
2.4 Object Property Definition
2.5 LoD (Level of Development)
2.5.1 Level of Information
2.5.2 Other Developments
2.5.3 Recommendations
Guest Contribution: 4D-5D BIM
2.6 BIM Delivery Process
2.7 PAS 1192 / ISO 19650
2.7.1 An Overview of the ISO Standard
2.8 Myths and unfulfilled promises
2.8.1 The single model myth
Guest Contribution: Cost Planning in the native environment
Case study: Al Ain Hospital
3 openBIM and the buildingSMART Standards
3.1 openBIM standards: An Overview
3.1.1 IFC
3.1.2 MVD
3.1.3 IDM
3.1.4 bSDD / IFD
3.1.5 BCF
3.2 BIM in the context of Communication Theory
3.3 buildingSMART: the home of openBIM
3.3.1 Chapters
3.3.2 buildingSMART International Programmes
3.4 buildingSMART Professional Certification
3.4.1 Programme Scope
3.4.2 Learning Structure
3.4.3 Individual Qualification
3.4.4 Professional Certification
Case study: Kantonsspital Baden
4 openBIM Standards in Use
4.1 IFC – Industry Foundation Classes
4.1.1 The IFC Schema
4.1.2 IFC for Infrastructure
4.1.3 IFC Versions (& Software Certification)
4.1.4 Understanding the IFC Schema
4.1.5 IFC Functionality, limitations and best practices
4.1.6 Practical Use
4.2 The IDM Methodology
4.2.1 The process map
4.2.2 Exchange Requirements
4.2.3 Technical Implementation
4.3 MVDs in use
4.3.1 Model View Definitions for IFC2x3
4.3.2 Model View Definitions for IFC4
4.4 mvdXML
4.5 Information Exchanges (ie’s)
4.6 COBie
4.7 The bSDD in Use
Guest Contribution: Working with the buildingSMART Data Dictionary
4.8 BCF in Use
4.9 Beyond IFC
4.10 The buildingSMART Technical Roadmap
Case study: Orion office and commercial building
5 BIM Implementation (Strategy & Guidance)
5.1 Orientation and Expectation
5.1.1 Is it worth it?
5.1.2 Productivity
5.1.3 Return on Investment
5.1.4 Disrupted Workflow
5.2 Guidance for Implementation
5.2.1 Policy & Business operations
5.2.2 Process and Guidance
5.2.3 People
5.2.4 Technology
5.2.5 The Implementation Matrix
5.3 Strategic Planning (BIM Strategy & Roadmap)
5.3.1 Strategy & Roadmap document
5.4 BIM Implementation Strategy
5.4.1 WHY? Defining Needs
5.4.2 WHAT? Setting Goals
5.4.3 HOW? Mapping the Course
Guest Contribution: Change Management
5.5 From Vision to Implementation
5.5.1 Guidelines
5.5.2 Getting started
5.5.3 Pilot Projects
5.6 Conclusion
Guest contribution: BIM in structural engineering
Case study: Vector building
6 Project Definition & Planning
6.1 Standards, Specifications, and Guidance Documents
6.1.1 International Standards
6.1.2 National Guidelines
6.1.3 The Company BIM Strategy
6.1.4 Company or Project Guidelines
6.1.5 The Project BIM Specification
6.1.6 The BIM Project Execution Plan
6.2 Project Requirement Definition
6.2.1 Guidance for defining project requirements
6.2.2 The ISO 19650-1 Procurement Cycle
6.3 The Project BIM Specification (the BIM Brief)
6.3.1 LoI versus Object property definition
6.3.2 Content and Structure
6.4 Execution Planning
6.4.1 Identifying BIM Uses
6.4.2 Process Maps
6.4.3 Information Exchanges
6.4.4 Infrastructure
6.4.5 Content and Structure
6.5 Object Definition and Exchange Requirements
6.6 Digital Tools
6.6.1 NBS BIM Toolkit
6.6.2 BIMQ
Case study: St. Claraspital Basel
7 Project Set-up & Delivery
7.1 Model Configuration
7.1.1 The native, central model
7.1.2 The open, federated model
7.1.3 An alternative: The native federated model
7.2 Activities in the Project Development Cycle
7.2.1 The five activity groups
7.3 Model Structure and Development
7.3.1 Model Structure Variations
7.4 Model Coordination & Quality Control
7.4.1 Internal Quality Control
7.4.2 Trade Coordination
7.4.3 Project Coordination
7.4.4 BIM Audits (Quality Control)
7.4.5 Reporting and escalating coordination issues
7.5 Model Progression
7.5.1 Other purpose-built models
7.6 Model Integration and Data Management
7.6.1 Model Ownership
7.7 Object Definition and Classification
7.7.1 Object Content
7.7.2 Object Identification
7.7.3 Object Classification
7.8 Object Libraries
7.8.1 Generic or Manufacturer Products?
7.8.2 Geometry
7.8.3 Information Content
7.9 Product Data Templates
Case study: Garden skyscraper
Guest Contribution: BIM in Building Services Design
7.10 Guidelines
7.10.1 Introduction
7.10.2 Implementation Planning
7.10.3 Collaborative BIM Working
7.10.4 Model structure
7.10.5 Modelling Methodology
7.10.6 Quality Assurance (Management) & Quality Control
7.10.7 Presentation Styles
7.10.8 Interoperability
7.10.9 Naming Conventions, Folder Structure and Model Servers
7.10.10 Resources
Case study: Siemens Headquarters
8 Roles and Responsibilities
8.1 BIM Roles within a Company Structure
8.1.1 Management [Strategic]
8.1.2 BIM Manager [Tactical]
8.1.3 IT Manager [Tactical]
8.1.4 Architects, Engineers and Construction Managers [Operative]
8.1.5 Engaging the team
8.2 BIM Roles within a Project Structure
8.2.1 BIM Champion [Owner]
8.2.2 BIM Auditor [Consultant]
8.2.3 BIM Project Coordinator [Main Contractor]
8.2.4 BIM Coordinator [Trade Coordinator]
8.2.5 BIM Manager [Project Architect and / or Project Engineer]
8.2.6 BIM Authors / Engineers
8.3 BIM Project Process and Role Designation
8.3.1 BIM Manager vs. BIM Project Coordinator
8.4 Company BIM Roles within a Project
8.5 BIM Ready Training
8.6 Conclusion
Case study: CNP Cery
9 BIM Project Management
9.1 Quality Management / Control
9.1.1 Native vs .IFC Quality Control
9.1.2 Issue Reporting
9.2 Model Content Management
9.2.1 Managing Room Data Sheets and Equipment Lists
9.2.2 Requirements Definition vs. Design Solution
9.2.3 Managing the two Realms: Requirements and Solutions
9.2.4 MCM Project Set-up
9.2.5 Key Features and Benefits of MCM
9.3 Communication and Data Management through the Common Data Environment (CDE)
9.3.1 The CDE according to ISO 1950
9.3.2 Beyond the CDE: Project Data Management
9.3.3 Key Features and Benefits of CDE
9.4 Summary
Case study project: Andreasturm
10 Conclusion
10.1 Fragmentation and Digitalisation
10.2 The Innovation Development Cycle
10.3 Future Trends
10.3.1 BIG DATA and the Internet of things
10.3.2 Analytics
10.3.3 Cloud Computing
10.3.4 Apps
Glossary
List of Figures
Figure 1: buildingSMART standards “smartphone” analogy
Figure 2: Man and Machine BIM Ready Schulungskonzept
Figure 3: Disrupted industries
Figure 4: Productivity of construction versus other industries
Figure 5: Germany Domestic Product Calculation from 1991 to 2015
Figure 6: Characteristics of traditional CAD (left) compared to BIM (right)
Figure 7: (Lego analogy) From 2D CAD to object-oriented BIM
Figure 8: (Lego analogy) Object properties enable powerful search and sorting functions.
Figure 9: The BIM Pyramid
Figure 10: The BIM Elephant
Figure 11: little bim, Transition BIM, and BIG BIM
Figure 12: Definition of project requirements and delivery process
Figure 13: BIM Manager Competency fields
Figure 14: The ‘T-Shaped’ BIM Manager
Figure 15: Collaboration within a single model
Figure 16: Networked information
Figure 17: Development of tools in Herzog & de Meuron projects
Figure 18: BayWa Tower
Figure 19: BayWa Tower
Figure 20: The three dimensions of object definition
Figure 21: The uses of BIM: Classifying and selecting BIM uses
Figure 22: Object definition by phase
Figure 23: Example BIM uses throughout a building lifecycle
Figure 24: Object definition by phase and use
Figure 25: Object definition by phase and actor
Figure 26: Example LoD and Model Author (owner) schedule for a wall object across the project phases
Figure 27: Model Element Definition Matrix
Figure 28: Object Level of Development (from AIA) in relation to conventions of scale
Figure 29: US (AIA) LoD convention shown with approximate graphic representation
Figure 30: Variation within Level of geometric Detail and Level of Information throughout a project lifecycle
Figure 31: UK LoD mapped to the US (AIA) LoD convention
Figure 32: Line of Balance showing activities against time and location on the site
Figure 33: Line of Balance comparing planned and actual conditions
Figure 34: Iterative project control and value engineering
Figure 35: Visualising the cost estimation with an integrated BIM schedule and model
Figure 36: Cost requirements by project phase
Figure 37: Editing an imported IFC slab element to reflect construction pour breaks
Figure 38: Maturity levels for project information management
Figure 39: The project information delivery cycle
Figure 40: Extract from the project information delivery cycle
Figure 41: Extract from the project information delivery cycle
Figure 42: The central model (left) and the federated model (right)
Figure 43: The native and the exchange environments
Figure 44: Cost calculation direct in the native modelling environment (using Autodesk Revit and the Man and Machine BIM Booster to link to the German (GAEB), Austrian (Ö-Norm) and Swiss (eBKP) cost standards).
Figure 45: View of the 700‑bed hospital at night
Figure 46: The hospital under construction
Figure 47: The complete model integrates the three disciplines: architecture, structural engineering and supply engineering (from left to right)
Figure 48: Document workflow from compilation to exchange
Figure 49: BIM Workflow from compilation to exchange
Figure 50: BIM Workflows, native and open
Figure 51: The buildingSMART openBIM standards
Figure 52: The IFC schema can be thought of as a container to transfer project information (e.g., object definition, geometry and properties)
Figure 53: The entire IFC schema (represented as the cube on the left) is never used for export. Instead we generate a specific view of the model, the MVD, (represented as the partial cube on the right) to meet a use-case requirement
Figure 54: A simplified workflow illustrating an information delivery manual
Figure 55: The buildingSMART Data Dictionary: Google Translate for BIM
Figure 56: Workflow using BCF
Figure 57: The communication cycle
Figure 58: buildingSMART openBIM Standards in the communication cycle
Figure 59: buildingSMART International organisation
Figure 60: buildingSMART Core Programmes
Figure 61: buildingSMART Professional Certification Programme
Figure 62: The Bloom’s Taxonomy
Figure 63: The KSB hospital model
Figure 64: KSB-hospital inner courtyard
Figure 65: A simplified representation of the IFC Schema – root concepts
Figure 66: A simplified representation of the IFC Schema – root concepts with sub-concepts
Figure 67: A simplified representation of the IFC Schema – extension
Figure 68: Hierarchical structure of the IFC Schema
Figure 69: Development and maturity of the IFC Schema
Figure 70: Different represenations of an IFC file
Figure 71: The IDM to MVD process
Figure 72: Example IDM for energy analysis
Figure 73: Examples of IFC 2x3 MVDs: Coordination View (left) and structural analysis view (right)
Figure 74: The scope of Design Transfer View and Reference View in relation to Coordination View
Figure 75: Screenshot from Autodesk Revit 2018 IFC Export dialog box, showing available MVDs
Figure 76: MVD configuration options at IFC export in Autodesk Revit 2018
Figure 77: mvdXML used to define an IFC-MVD export within a design software
Figure 78: mvdXML used to validate an IFC-MVD import within a model-checking software
Figure 79: The NIBS Information Exchange process
Figure 80: Simplified illustration of the various Information Exchanges expressed as model views (MVDs) of the IFC Schema
Figure 81: COBie defines the handover of information from the construction phase (the project information model – PIM) into the operation phase (the asset information model – AIM)
Figure 82: Simplified illustration of COBie in relation to the entire IFC Schema
Figure 83: Screenshot of a bSDD concept listing for ‘door’
Figure 84: Screenshot of the bSDD properties for ‘door’ concept
Figure 85: bimsync® from Catenda
Figure 86: The Global Unique Identifier (GUID) can be viewed for every model object in the IFC file
Figure 87: Issues identified within federated IFC models and exported as BCF files
Figure 88: Using a BCF Plugin, the BCF issues can be viewed and addressed within the modelling software
Figure 89: A BCF Manager can give an overview of all project BCF issues
Figure 90: openBIM standards (from buildingSMART and others) support both IFC-based processes and processes within the native authoring environment
Figure 91: buildingSMART Technical Roadmap for Process Support
Figure 92: Orion federated project model
Figure 93: A filtered view of wall elements from the project costing model. Classification and colour-coding is based on the Swiss eBKP cost positions
Figure 94: The BIM Technology learning curve
Figure 95: The five prerequisites for a successful change process – and the effect in the absence of one component
Figure 96: Organisational model according to Friedrich Glasl
Figure 97: Six different personality types in a normal distribution curve
Figure 98: The three levels of BIM Implementation
Figure 99: The four aspects to implementing change
Figure 100: The BIM Implementation Matrix
Figure 101: The BIM Implementation Matrix – implementation direction
Figure 102: The BIM Strategy & Roadmap
Figure 103: Four steps for defining current needs and perceived goals
Figure 104: The SWOT Analysis
Figure 105: Example of defining goals and BIM uses-cases
Figure 106: Four steps for defining a target constellation
Figure 107: Example BIM-Use Prioritisation
Figure 108: Four steps for defining the implementation requirements (roadmap)
Figure 109: Example BIM Competency Profile
Figure 110: Software areas of application, across project phase (horizontal axis) and functionality (vertical axis)
Figure 111: Example Implementation Roadmap
Figure 112: The iterative implementation process
Figure 113: Examples of 3D design and planning without integrated data management
Figure 114: Examples of BIM usage in general construction projects
Figure 115: Use case of BIM in a multi-user environment
Figure 116: Linking drawing delivery approval schedules with the model
Figure 117: Building services coordination – conventional working method
Figure 118: Building services coordination – BIM method
Figure 119: Collaborative design of specialist trades in a coordination model
Figure 120: Model for calculation – reimporting the calculation results
Figure 121: Structural positional analysis by building level within the model
Figure 122: Example work flow – generation of ‘validated’ load transfers
Figure 123: Comparison of validated load transfers: 2D versus 3D
Figure 124: Integration of steel model – a consistent database for built-in components
Figure 125: Generating reinforcement plans in the overall model
Figure 126: Coordination model of the intersection of the Stuttgart21 construction project modelled using Autodesk Revit
Figure 127: Visualisation of the Stuttgart Filderstadt S2 extension to communicate the project to the general public
Figure 128: At Boll und Partner, the geometry of tunnel structures will be generated automatically using visual scripting, such as Autodesk Dynamo
Figure 129: Various views and uses of the Vector Informatik project model
Figure 130: Sub-models are exchanged using the IFC interface
Figure 131: Process for project definition, planning and execution
Figure 132: The hierarchy of BIM standards and guidance documents
Figure 133: The hierarchy of BIM standards and guidance documents
Figure 134: Example process for project requirement definition
Figure 135: Hierarchy of information requirements
Figure 136: Example MPDT based on the Swiss eBKP-H object classification system
Figure 137: Example structure and content of a Project BIM Specification (key content highlighted in bold font)
Figure 138: The four steps of BIM Execution Planning
Figure 139: Evaluation BIM Uses against project team capability
Figure 140: Example project overall process map
Figure 141: Example detailed process map for cost-estimation
Figure 142: Example definition process to determine necessary information exchanges for an energy simulation
Figure 143: Example structure and content of a BIM Project Execution Plan
Figure 144: In its most basic form, a BIM specification defining building elements only by phase simply gives an LoD grading
Figure 145: BIM Object Definition Matrix
Figure 146: The NBS BIM Toolkit project model production delivery table by phase and actor
Figure 147: The NBS BIM Toolkit LoD / LoI Object definitions
Figure 148: The NBS BIM Toolkit LoD / LoI Object definitions
Figure 149: The BIMQ project model production delivery table
Figure 150: The BIMQ model validation against project requirements
Figure 151: 3D coordination model
Figure 152: Project organisation and development plan
Figure 153: The single project model (left) and the federated project model (right)
Figure 154: The project information development cycle in the native and collaborative environments
Figure 155: organisation BIM activities in regard to the native and collaborative environments
Figure 156: The five activity cycles of project information development
Figure 157: Model progression and subdivision
Figure 158: Model progression and subdivision
Figure 159: Checklist for internal quality control
Figure 160: Example workflow for model coordination cycles
Figure 161: Issue progression across project coordination meetings
Figure 162: Example model progression where fabrication elements (LoD 400) are not progressed into the operations phase
Figure 163: COBIM model type definitions
Figure 164: The federated project model structure
Figure 165: Example divisions of model element authorship
Figure 166: The three aspects of model element content and representation
Figure 167: Levels of object instantiation
Figure 168: Object definition by classification (left) and property sets (right)
Figure 169: Product Data Template (PDT) structure
Figure 170: Relationship between object classification, Product Data Templates and Product Data Sheets
Figure 171: Linking of Object geometry and product data with GoBIM
Figure 172: GoBIM Revit plug-in enables product data information to be imported directly into the designer’s model
Figure 173: View of the garden skyscraper
Figure 174: Extract of the technical coordination model
Figure 175: Complete technical coordination model
Figure 176: Does this drawing still work with BIM?
Figure 177: Using IFC and DWG containers in a project
Figure 178: Example of a heating load calculation from the model using SOLAR computer software
Figure 179: Possible configuration of individual trade models in a project
Figure 180: PfV in an IFC viewer
Figure 181: Building element progression from planning through to operations
Figure 182: Skills Matrix
Figure 183: Example project model structure and collaborative working
Figure 184: Possible internal model structure, using multiple container files
Figure 185: Excerpt of an example drawing and model element production table, identifying drawing representation
Figure 186: Screenshot from the VR application showing an external view of the building
Figure 187: Screenshot from the site tablets
Figure 188: BIM roles within an organisation
Figure 189: Traditional Project Roles
Figure 190: Traditional Roles mapped to BIM Competencies
Figure 191: Mapping Key BIM Project Activities with Roles
Figure 192: The BIM Manager and BIM Project Coordinator
Figure 193: Division of activities for the BIM Manager and BIM Project Coordinator
Figure 194: BIM4VET BIM Role and activity definition
Figure 195: BIM4VET Competency and Training tool
Figure 196: Mapping Roles to BIM Pyramid
Figure 197: BIM-Ready training programme
Figure 198: Relationship of project and company roles
Figure 199: View of the building
Figure 200: ‘Dashboard’ project
Figure 201: The Building Information Management Pyramid indicating the three areas of activity with corresponding applications
Figure 202: Model Checker Software identifying a ‘clearance clash’ where a staircase impinges on the clearance space of a door swing
Figure 203: Model quality control should be performed before publishing a model (left column), upon receiving a model (right column) and in coordinating multiple models (central column)
Figure 204: Model version comparison performed on two revisions of the same trade model. Elements that have been deleted in the new model revision are indicated in red and new elements are shown in blue
Figure 205: Quality control issues can be easily documented in the coordination software for reporting and tracking
Figure 206: An MCM database can be linked to multiple models simultaneously, thereby synchronising properties (and changes of those properties) that occur in multiple design models
Figure 207: Parallel activities of project requirements definition and design solution
Figure 208: The two aspects of model content management: the requirements definition and design solution
Figure 209: Example of a room equipment list appearing in the authoring tool via the dRofus plug-in
Figure 210: Defining the structure and equipment of a room type
Figure 211: This IFC viewer can visualise room configurations and even detailed equipment as it is modelled in the authoring tools
Figure 212: Room types and floor areas can be easily represented in tabular form or as a colour-coded spatial model
Figure 213: Example of change log for a specific RDS field
Figure 214: Average Communication and data exchange execution
Figure 215: The four domains of the CDE
Figure 216: The CDE must link all communication and contract administration activities across the project. Building Information Modelling is central to this process.
Figure 217: The roles and access right of project participants, as well as workflows and approval process can be effectively managed within the CDE environment.
Figure 218: Example workflow for a model review cycle
Figure 219: Project reporting and analytics out of the CDE
Figure 220: Some of the more advanced CDE Platforms have IFC Model Viewers and support openBIM standards, such as BCF and COBie.
Figure 221: Having access to Models, plans and project information via mobile devices supports construction mangers on site
Figure 222: The planning and construction process as a refinement of the project information
Figure 223: Building modelling must be accompanied by process management and information management
Figure 224: Andreasturm
Figure 225: The surrounding area was mapped using a 3D laser scanner (‘point-cloud’) and then integrated into the Revit model.
Figure 226: Model-based scheduling with progress reporting for the Andreasturm. The different colours indicate the extent of completion of the individual sections of the building.
Figure 227: The cycle of innovation
Figure 228: Traditional bank statement compared to account analytics
Figure 229: Cloud-based project reporting and analytics out of the CDE