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The field of cell death began in developmental biology. It was a prominent topic at the beginning of the 20th Century. Starting in the modern period, from humble beginnings in the 1960s, the field of cell death now produces over 20 papers per day and is a hot topic in the fields of development, oncology, neurology, immunology, gerontology, rheumatology and AIDS. Thus, at the close of the 20th Century, the field has attracted considerable attention, and many biotech companies are founded on the premise that control of apoptosis will prove lucrative.
It benefits us to be careful that the concept of apoptosis is not used as a shibboleth, that it is not substituted for careful and rigorous thinking. The concept of apoptosis means that cells die. The mockery and attitude of 'so what' that greeted the field in its origins was largely justified. It is not satisfactory to proclaim that apoptosis has been detected; we must know how and why the cells die.
Two paradigms can indicate what we mean. In the first, in insect metamorphosis, we find that apoptosis encompasses only the last 10% of the death of the cell and may be only the point at which the cell dies. We need to know much more about the first 90%. In the second, cell death in mammalian embryos, we find that, although specific cell death genes are involved, the location and timing
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