were owned prncticnlly by the riiihrnys. I n Gcrinnny the cost of frcightiige wiis only nboiit onf?-third whnt it W18 in this country. It "ns snid thnt tho grcntcr thc oiltliilt tlie chcnpcr wns the cost per ton. Hc desirctl to know if thnt referred to the sizc of thc furnnccs or to the niiinbcr of thcin. In repid to costing, tlic fcwcr the books kept thc better. In thc ~iictnllurgicnl deIinrtincnt, i i simplc system of Iiriinc cost WnR csscntinl.
Air. S. CAIIRY, in reply, i i c ~ tlint it \vns csscntini t ~i n t every ninn concerticd in n iunnirfnctnring Iiusincss sh0111cl tnko n bronc1 nnd coniprchcnsive vicw of thc bllHillCHs nnd tlic rensoiis for its esisteiicc. 11 pnrticulnr it wns eswntinl thnt thc chcmist slioiilcl not contine his intcrcst nnd nttention to his npccinl work, hiit slioiild know 1111 the points wliich might be intlirencetl by or throitgh thnt work. One of tho tnost iniportant points in mnn~fiictiiring wnx thnt of cost, nntl the inllucnce of the work of tlic rlicmist on coRt WIIK II very connitlcrnl~lc onc. With re nrtl to the difliciiltics of works ~e i ~i i g o in cheinicnl intiastrics, they should hcnr in mind thnt 1,ociil hthoritics werc rnntlc for the iniuiiifiicturers. iintl not tlic niiinufnctiircr for Local Authorities. He had Iiiirpowcly tlenlt with thc siibjcct of the 1in ier on II genenil Iiasis. If they tiiorougiily grnspcd tile \insis itlea roiinti wliicii their works orgnniuition WIIR to groiili, the clctnils roiild rcn8ily follow. For instance. the qiicstioii of fixing estnlilishinent chiirgcs wonld involve II \rholc evening t o itself. The first ntcli ho\revcr wnx to know the ric!?unl pons cost. If II iniiniifiictirrer \ w i t into the miirket with this knonlcdgc r i t Iinncl lie coiiltl tell jiist whnt iricn lie coiiltl nlforcl to tnke i i n t l jiixt i ~l i i i t price \r~oultI IJc brttcr left. iilonc. 111 ii Frent miiny ciises tile qiicHtion of estiiblishnient chnrgcs would not be thc point nt issue, but n t whnt fipurc the direct cost \vonltl be corered. Unless this WnK known, it ninttered little wlint the estnblisliincnt chnrgcs werc. When the mnnufncturcr knew whnt it cost to get the goods there hc could rentlily tell whnt hc coeltl i c t ovcr this figure fo! his cstnliliah~~~ent chnrgen. A m n n must, however, know his rork-bottom Cost. or lie might rcndily find liiiiinelf on tho wrong xidc 5 his qnotntions, csliccirdIy if his cost WK ii tliictiiiit ing one.