Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Editor and Contributors
Introduction
1 The Name of the Studied Area
2 The Geographical and Geological Settings
3 Biodiversity
4 Faunal Domains
References
Part I: Historical Perspectives
History and Geography of the Arabian Gulf
1 Introduction
2 The Arabian Gulf in General
2.1 Names of the Gulf
2.2 History of the Arabian Gulf Before Christ
2.3 History of the Arabian Gulf After Christ
2.4 The Ottomans and the Desired World Powers
3 History of Arabian Gulf Countries
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Kuwait
3.3 Bahrain
3.4 Qatar
3.5 The United Arab Emirates
3.6 Sultanate of Oman
3.7 Saudi Arabia
References
Documents
Periodicals
Books
Map
The Prehistoric Fishers and Gatherers of the Northern and Western Coasts of the Arabian Sea
1 Introduction
2 Environmental Conditions, Natural Resources, and Coastal Constraints
3 History of the Research
4 Resources Exploitation
5 Seafaring
6 Social Aspects of the Exploitation of Marine Resources
7 Inferring Fishing Gears and Methods from Material Culture Remains
8 Discussion
References
Part II: Environmental Aspects
The Biogeochemical Features of Kuwaiti Water in the Northwestern Arabian Gulf: Current State of Knowledge and Future
1 Introduction and Background
2 Hydrography: The Physical Settings
3 Climatically Important Gases and Their Components
4 Biogeochemistry of Bio-essential Macronutrients and Trace Elements
5 Chlorophyll a and Productivity
6 Impact of Anthropogenic Perturbations and Climate Change in Kuwaiti Waters
7 Concluding Remarks and Future Recommendations
References
Some Physical Oceanographic Aspects of Kuwait and Arabian Gulf Marine Environment
1 Introduction
2 Some Physical Oceanographic Aspects of Arabian Gulf
2.1 Precipitation, Evaporation, and Flow of Seawater in and out of Arabian Gulf
2.2 General Topography of the Countries Around Arabian Gulf
2.3 Bathymetry of Arabian Gulf
2.4 Tidal Variation in the Arabian Gulf
2.5 Wind Speed and Direction
2.6 Maximum Tidal Current in the Arabian Gulf
2.7 Maximum Wave Heights and Periods Inside the Arabian Gulf
3 Some Physical Oceanographic Aspects of Kuwaiti Territorial Waters
3.1 Tidal Variation off Kuwaiti Territorial Waters
3.2 Tide-Induced Current in the Kuwaiti Territorial Waters
3.3 Maximum Significant Wave Heights in the Kuwaiti Territorial Waters
3.4 Wave Period in Kuwaiti Territorial Waters
3.5 Water Transparency in Kuwaiti Territorial Waters
3.6 Seawater Turbidity Around Boubyan Island in Kuwait Based on Field Measurements
4 Conclusions
References
Low Oxygen Zones Predict Future Condition of Fish Under Climate Change
1 Introduction
2 Data Resources and Analysis
3 Results Obtained
4 Discussion
Appendix
References
Dust Storms and Its Benefits to the Marine Life of the Arabian Gulf
1 Introduction
2 Dust Storms over the Arabian Gulf
2.1 Data Collection and Analyses Results
2.2 Dust Fertilization of the Arabian Gulf Marine Ecosystem
2.3 Impacts of Dust Fertilization on Health, Economy, and Biodiversity of the Arabian Gulf
References
Desert Dust as a Vector for Cyanobacterial Toxins
1 Background: Brief Description of Deserts and Dust Storm Fronts
2 Overview of Components of Air That May Pose Risks to Human Health
3 Cyanobacterial Toxins and Exposure Routes for Humans and Animals Within Deserts
3.1 Water
3.2 Food
3.3 Aerosols/Airborne Particles
4 Remediation
4.1 Water
4.2 Food
4.3 Airborne/Aerosol
5 Steps That Need to Be Taken to Seal the Gaps of Our Understanding
6 Future Issues with Respect to Climate Change
References
Part III: Geological Aspects
The Geology of Iraqi Territorial Waters, Northwest of the Arabian Gulf
1 Introduction
2 Lower Mesopotamia
3 Physiography of the Study Area
4 Tectonic Setting
5 Stratigraphy
6 Basement Sedimentary Cover
7 Geomorphology and Sedimentology
7.1 Geomorphology
7.2 Sedimentology
References
Deep Tectono-Geodynamic Aspects of Development of the Nubian-Arabian Region and Its Relationship with Subsurface Structure
1 Introduction
2 Data Analysis
2.1 Brief Analysis of the Terrain Relief Field
2.2 Analysis of the Satellite-Derived Gravity Data
2.3 Analysis of the Airborne (Mainly) Magnetic Data
2.4 Brief Analysis of Thermal Data
3 Tectono-Geophysical Examination
4 Development of the Tectonic Map
5 Some Examples of Relationship Between Geophysical-Geodynamic Factors and Environments
5.1 Relationship Between the Geodynamics and Paleogeography
5.2 Relationship Between the Solar Activity and Mud Volcanism
5.3 Relationship Between the Geological Epochs, Hydrospheric Disturbances and Paleomagnetic Reversals
6 Conclusions
References
Freshwater Ostracoda from the Wetland Mid-Holocene Sediments, Dhamar Highlands, Yemen
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Material and Methods of Study
4 Taxonomy and Ecology of Ostracoda
5 Distribution and Paleoecology of Ostracods
6 Distribution of Ostracods in Asam Section (ASM4)
7 Distribution of Ostracods in Resabah Section (RES1)
8 Results and Discussion
9 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Major Biotopes
Microbial and Physical Sedimentary Structures in the Tidal Flats of Khor Al-Zubair, NW of Arabian Gulf
1 Introduction
2 Appropriate Growth Conditions
3 Geologic Settings
3.1 Location of the Study Area
3.2 Physical Conditions of the Area
4 Materials and Methods
5 Results
6 Discussion
6.1 Physical Structures
6.2 Biological Structures
6.3 Biophysical Structures
7 Conclusion
References
Preliminary Account of the Ichthyoplankton of the Marine Waters of Iraq, Northwest Arabian Gulf
1 Introduction
2 The Marine Waters of Iraq
3 Previous Studies on Ichthyoplankton in the Arabian Gulf Area
4 Importance of Estuaries
5 Environmental Factors Affecting Ichthyoplankton Distribution in Northwestern Arabian Gulf
5.1 Temperature, Salinity, and Turbidity
5.2 Spawning Season
5.3 Nearshore Distribution
5.4 Offshore Distribution
6 Larval Families Account
6.1 Gobiidae
6.2 Sciaenidae
6.3 Mugillidae
6.4 Engraulidae
6.5 Clupeidae
6.6 Soleidae
6.7 Hemiramphidae
6.8 Centriscidae
6.9 Syngnathidae
6.10 Scorpaenidae
6.11 Sillaginidae
6.12 Leiognathidae
6.13 Sparidae
6.14 Polynemidae
6.15 Trichiuridae
6.16 Cynoglossidae
6.17 Bothidae
6.18 Carangidae
6.19 Bregmacerotidae
6.20 Blenniidae
6.21 Chirocentridae
6.22 Pomadasyidae
6.23 Fish Egg Account
7 Discussion
8 Effect of Environmental Factors on Distribution of Ichthyoplankton in Northwestern Arabian Gulf
9 Zooplankton
10 Conclusion
References
Distribution and Abundance of Seagrasses in Qatar Marine Zone
1 Introduction
1.1 The Arabian/Persian Gulf/Gulf
2 Seagrasses
3 Seagrass Communities
4 Distribution of Seagrasses along the Coastline of the Red Sea
5 Distribution of Seagrasses along the Coastline of the Gulf
6 Distribution of Seagrasses along the Coastline of Qatar
7 Discussion
References
Marine Macroalgae in Qatar Marine Zone
1 Introduction
1.1 Classification of the Macroalgae
1.2 Economic Importance of Seaweeds
2 Study Location
3 Materials and Methods
3.1 Materials
3.2 Methodology
4 Results
4.1 Macroalgae in the Gulfs
4.2 The Macroalgae in QMZ
4.2.1 The Chlorophyta
4.2.2 The Rhodophyta
4.2.3 The Ochrophyta
5 Summary
References
The Diversity of the Giant Clams and Their Associated Symbiodiniaceae Algae in the Red Sea
1 Introduction to the Red Sea
References
The Dynasty of the Pharaoh: Phylogeography and Cryptic Biodiversity of Sepia pharaonis Cuttlefish in Northwest Indian Ocean Pe...
1 Introduction
2 Sepia pharaonis
3 Divergence Time
4 Implications for Arabian Sea Fisheries Management and Biodiversity Conservation
5 Future Directions
References
Sharks and Rays of the Arabian Sea and Adjacent Waters
1 Background
2 The Arabian Sea and Adjacent Waters
3 Chondrichthyan Diversity in the Waters Surrounding the Arabian Peninsula
4 Conservation
References
Maturation, Spawning, and Feeding Habits of the Indian Mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1817) from the Sea of Oman off...
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Maturation and Spawning
2.1.1 Maturity Stages
2.1.2 Length at First Maturity
2.1.3 Spawning Season
2.1.4 Fecundity
2.1.5 Sex Ratio
2.2 Food Items and Feeding Intensity
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Maturation and Spawning
3.1.1 Gonadosomatic Index
3.1.2 Relative Condition Factor (Kn)
3.1.3 Spawning Season
3.1.4 Length at First Maturity
3.1.5 Sex Ratio
3.1.6 Fecundity
3.2 Food and Feeding Habits
3.2.1 General Food Composition
3.2.2 Feeding Intensity
References
Reproduction and Feeding of the Indian Oil Sardine Sardinella longiceps Val. from Mahout along the Arabian Sea Coast of Oman
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Maturation and Spawning
2.1.1 Maturity Stages
2.1.2 Length at First Maturity
2.1.3 Spawning Season
2.1.4 Fecundity
2.1.5 Sex Ratio
2.2 Food Items and Feeding Intensity
3 Results
3.1 Length at First Maturity
3.1.1 Gonadosomatic Index
3.1.2 Relative Condition Factor (Kn)
3.1.3 Spawning Season
3.1.4 Sex Ratio
3.1.5 Fecundity
3.2 Food and Feeding Habits
3.2.1 General Food Composition
3.2.2 Feeding Intensity
4 Discussion
4.1 Maturation and Spawning
4.2 Food and Feeding
References
Interdecadal Changes in Community of the Fish Fauna of the Marine Waters of Iraq
1 Introduction
2 Comparisons of Ichthyofaunal Compositions for the Period of 1988-2018
3 The Outcomes of Shifting in Biodiversity
4 Conclusion
References
Fishes of the Arabian Sea Coasts of Oman: Checklist and Biodiversity Analyses
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Data Obtained
3 Outcome of the Investigations
4 Remarks
References
Gobiiform Fishes of the Arabian Sea
1 Introduction
2 Gobiiform Diversity in the Arabian Sea
3 Gobiiform Ecology in the Arabian Sea
3.1 The Ecology of Mudskippers
3.2 The Ecology of Shrimp-Associated Gobies
3.3 Ecology of Coral- and Sponge-Associated Gobies
3.4 Gobiiform Fishes and the Arabian Sea
Appendix: List of Gobiiform Species in the Arabian Sea. Asterix (*) denotes Endemic Taxon
References
Population Biology Including Population Structure, Spawning Cycle, and Maturity of Plectorhinchus schotaf (Forsskål, 1775) (Fa...
1 Introduction
2 The Study Area: Arabian Sea-Dhofar Governorate
3 Data Attained and Processed
4 Results Obtained
4.1 Descriptive Statistics
4.2 Morphometric Linear Relationships
4.3 Length-Weight Relationships
4.4 Maturation and Spawning
4.4.1 Condition Factor (Kn)
4.4.2 Gonadosomatic Index (GSI)
4.4.3 Sex Ratio
4.4.4 Length at 50% Maturity
5 Remarks and Conclusions
5.1 Descriptive Statistics
5.2 Morphometric Linear Relationships
5.2.1 Length-Weight Relationships
5.3 Maturation and Spawning
5.3.1 Condition Factor
5.3.2 Gonadosomatic Index (GSI)
5.3.3 Sex Ratio
5.3.4 Length at 50% Maturity
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
References
The Ichthyodiversity of the Red Sea: A Unique Extension of the Indian Ocean Biota
1 Introduction
2 How Many Fish Species Inhabit the Red Sea?
3 Ichthyodiversity of the Red Sea
4 Endemism
5 Habitat Occupation
6 Trophic Level
7 Interspecific Association
8 Fishery in the Red Sea
9 Closing Comment: Conservation in the Red Sea
References
Marine Mammals of the Arabian Seas
1 Introduction
2 Methods
3 Species
3.1 Cetartiodactyla, Cetacea
3.1.1 Mysticeti, Balaenopteridae
3.1.2 Odontoceti, Physeteridae
3.1.3 Odontoceti, Kogiidae
3.1.4 Odontoceti, Ziphiidae
3.1.5 Odontoceti, Delphinidae
3.1.6 Odontoceti, Phocoenidae
3.2 Sirenia
3.2.1 Dugongidae
4 Conservation Concerns
References
Part V: Biodiversity
Is It the Time to Perform a Regular National Marine Biology Survey in the Seas Around the Arabia Peninsula to Assess the Marin...
1 Introduction
2 Short Historical Review of the Surveys to the Arabian Peninsula
3 Suggested Approaches for the Investigation of Marine Biota in the Seas Around the Arabian Peninsula
3.1 Methods of Collecting Samples
4 The Role of Citizen Science in Collecting Biodiversity Information
References
A Proposal for Creating a Directory of Marine Biota Gauges in Iraq
1 Introduction
2 Assessment of the Marine Biodiversity in Iraq
2.1 Pollution
2.2 Fluctuation in the Discharge of Water of Shatt al-Arab River to the Arabian Gulf
2.3 Invasive Species
3 The Catalogue of the Marine Biodiversity Indicators
3.1 How to Collect Indicators
3.2 Catalogue Assembly
4 Suggestions for Future Improvements of the Catalogue
5 Need for Further Action Regarding the Conservation to the Marine Biodiversity of Iraq
References
Influence of Climate-Driven Low Oxygen Zones on Fish Biodiversity: A Case Study from the Arabian Sea
1 Introduction
2 Data Resources and Analysis
3 Results Obtained
4 Discussion
References
Assessment of the Fish Biodiversity in the Vicinity of Sohar Industrial Area, Sultanate of Oman: A Proposal
1 Introduction
2 Sohar City and Its Industrial Area
3 The Impact of Industrial Areas on the Coastal Fish Fauna: Short Review of Previous Studies
3.1 Noise
3.2 Collision and Avoidance
3.3 Food Availability
3.4 Predation
3.5 Reproduction and Recruitment
4 Impact of Human on Biota in the Arabian Gulf Area
4.1 Dredging and Reclamation
4.2 Industrial Effluents
4.3 Sewage Discharges
4.4 Desalination Plants
5 The Importance and Aims of the Project
6 The Disadvantage of Non-performing the Project
7 The Benefit of the Project to Sultanate of Oman in General
8 Manpower
9 Framework and Methodology
10 Time Frame
11 Expected Results
12 Type of Work and Requirements
References
The Feasibility of Introducing Undergraduates in Biodiversity Science in the Arabian Gulf Area
1 Introduction
2 Why the Natural History of the Arabian Gulf Countries?
2.1 Geography and Landscape
2.2 The Diversity of the Environment in the Arabian Gulf Area
3 Natural History Museums and Societies in the Arabian Gulf Areas
3.1 Natural History Museums
3.1.1 The Scientific Centre, Kuwait
3.1.2 National Museum of Qatar
3.1.3 Natural History and Botanical Museum, Sharjah, UAE
3.1.4 Bahrain National Museum
3.1.5 Natural History Museum of Oman
3.2 Natural History Societies
3.2.1 Qatar Natural History Group
3.2.2 Bahrain Natural History Society
3.2.3 Emirates Natural History Group
3.2.4 Environment Society of Oman
4 The Role of Field Work in the Training of the Undergraduates (Scott et al. 2012)
5 What Makes Undergraduate Students Not Pursuing Independent Research Experiences?
6 Outline of Package Configuration
7 Chief Programme Elements
8 Scientific Benefits to the Museum
9 Suggestions and Future Directions
References
The Possibility of Applying Citizen Science in the Countries Bordering the Arabian Peninsula
1 Introduction
2 What are the Challenges and Opportunities for Citizen Science
3 Citizen Science in Countries Bordering the Arabian Peninsula in Its Early, but Promising, Stage
3.1 Diversity of Fishes as an Example of Contribution of Citizen Scientist
3.2 Biodiversity Contribution by the Citizen Scientist in the Countries Bordering the Arabian Peninsula
3.3 Abnormal Fish Specimens Contributed by Citizen Scientist
4 The Future Steps
References
Part VI: Natural Resources
Stock, Maximum Sustainable Yield, and Management Status of Tenualosa ilisha in Bangladesh Waters
1 Introduction
2 Hilsa Distribution and Catch Trend
2.1 Hilsa Distribution
2.2 Migration Pattern
2.3 Catch Trend of Hilsa
3 Growth and Mortality Parameters
4 Exploitation Level (E)
5 Stock Size and Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)
6 Management Issues
6.1 Existing Policies of Hilsa Fishery Management
6.2 Recommendations for a Sustainable Fishery
7 Conclusion
References
Biological Characteristics, Population Dynamics and Fisheries Management of Pomadasys commersonnii (Lacepède, 1802) in the Ara...
1 Introduction
1.1 Description of the Fishery
1.2 The Study Area: North-Western Coast of the Arabian Sea
2 Result Obtained
2.1 Distribution of P. commersonnii in Relation to Oceanographic Parameters
2.2 Morphometrics
2.2.1 Total Length-Fork Length Relationship
2.2.2 Length-Weight Relationship
2.2.3 Condition Factors
3 Reproduction
3.1 Seasonal Reproduction
3.2 Length at First Maturity
3.3 Development of Ova to Maturity
3.4 Fertility
3.4.1 Sex Ratio
4 Food and Feeding
4.1 General Food Composition
4.2 Feeding Intensity
4.3 Mortality
4.3.1 Estimation of Total Mortality (Z)
4.3.2 Estimation of Natural Mortality (M)
4.3.3 Estimation of Fishing Mortality (F)
4.3.4 Length at First Capture (Lc)
4.3.5 Exploitation Rate (E)
4.4 Population Dynamic and Stock Assessment
4.4.1 Per-Recruit Assessment
4.4.2 Yield and Biomass
4.4.3 Total Biomass Estimates for All the Arabian Sea Areas Surveys
5 Discussion
6 Resources and Processing of Data
6.1 Sampling
6.2 Sampling Procedures from Landing Sites
6.3 Sampling Procedures During the Arabian Sea Survey
7 Reproductive Determination
7.1 Gonadosomatic Index
7.2 Length at First Maturity
7.3 Development of Ova
7.4 Fertility
7.5 Food and Feeding
8 Data Analysis
8.1 Size Composition Distribution
9 Length-Weight Relationship
9.1 Mortality
9.2 Per-Recruit Analysis
9.3 Yield and Biomass
9.4 Biomass Estimation by Swept Area Method
References
Law Enforcement, Compliance, and Fisheries Sustainability
1 Introduction
2 Context
3 The Sustainability Mantra in Fisheries Management
4 Enforcement and Compliance as a Precondition for Fisheries Sustainability
5 Basics of Fisheries Enforcement and Compliance
6 The Path to Sustainability: A Review and Strategic Choice
7 Concluding Remarks
References
The Influence of Oxygen Minimum Zone and Oceanographic Parameters on the Length Distribution of Five Fish Species in the Arabi...
1 Introduction
2 Data Resources and Analysis
3 Results Obtained
4 Discussion
References
Strategies for Monitoring and Management of Marine Fisheries Resources of the Sultanate of Oman
1 Context
1.1 Description of the Fisheries Resources Sector
1.2 Existing Regulation and Policy
1.3 External Assistance and Local Fisheries Resources Assessment Projects
1.4 Socio-economic Context
1.5 Technical Context
1.5.1 Monitoring of Fisheries Resources
Catch Statistics
Estimation of Standing Stock and Potential Yield
Collection of Fisheries Biological Data
Pollution Monitoring Studies
1.5.2 Management of Fisheries Resource
Limitation of Fishing Zones
Closed Season
Licencing and Registration of Boats
Restriction on Mesh Size
Catch Quota
2 Strategies for Fisheries Management and Development
2.1 Justification
2.2 Target Beneficiary
2.3 Objectives
2.3.1 Overall Development Objective
2.3.2 Immediate Objective
3 Main Issues Identified and Suggested Remedial Measures
3.1 Management Issues
3.2 Monitoring Issues
3.3 Tackling of Management Problems
3.3.1 Formulation of Regulations
3.3.2 Delimitation of Fishing Zones
3.3.3 Licencing and Registration
3.3.4 Regulation of Mesh Size of Net/Legal Size of Fish and Number of Fishing Gear
3.3.5 Closed Season
3.3.6 Inspection
3.4 Addressing Monitoring Problems
3.4.1 Estimation of Catch Statistics
3.4.2 Assessment of Standing Stock and Potential Yield
3.4.3 Biological Data
3.4.4 Database
4 Outputs and Activities
4.1 Outputs
4.1.1 An Improved and Operational Monitoring System
4.1.2 Management Plan for Fisheries Conservation Prepared and Implementation Initiated
4.2 Major Activities to be Carried Out
4.2.1 Monitoring System
4.2.2 Management Plan
5 Organisational Set-Up
5.1 Institutional Framework
5.2 Implementation
6 Strategy
6.1 Overall Strategy
6.2 Implementation Strategy
References
The Fisheries of the Arabian Sea Large Marine Ecosystem
1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods
3 Results and Discussion
References
Valuation of Fishing Tools and Social State of Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) Fishers of the Estuary of Shatt al-Arab River, Basrah,...
1 Introduction
2 Data Collection and Analysis
3 Results Obtained and Discussed
3.1 Fishing Gears
3.2 Fishing Crafts
3.3 Socio-economic Conditions of Hilsa Fisherman
3.3.1 Types of Fisherman
3.3.2 Oldness Ranks of Fishers
3.3.3 Fishing Experience
3.3.4 Family Size
3.3.5 Earners and Dependents
3.3.6 Accommodation Status
3.3.7 Health Facilities
3.3.8 Hygienic Facilities
3.3.9 Revenue of Fishermen
4 Conclusion
References
Monitoring the Marine Recreational Fisheries in the Arabian Gulf and Sea of Oman
1 Introduction
2 General Effects of Recreational Fishing on the Environment
2.1 Trait-Mediated Effects
2.2 Disturbance of Wildlife
2.3 Boat Traffic
2.4 Noise
2.5 Loss of Fishing Gear
2.6 Bait Digging
3 The Status of Recreational Fishing in the Arabian Gulf and Sea of Oman Areas
4 Suggesting Survey Method
5 Implications for Management and Conservation
References
Marine Artisanal Fisheries of Iraq
1 Introduction
2 Ichthyofaunal in the Iraqi Marine Waters
3 Artisanal Fishery in the Iraqi Marine Waters
4 Landings Composition
5 Annually Variations in Species Landings (2008-2016)
6 Monthly Variations in Species Landings (2008-2016)
7 Mullets
8 River Shad
9 Therafin Bream
10 Mixed Fish
11 Shrimps
12 Carangids
13 Wolf Herrings
14 Croakers
15 Silver Pomfret
16 Emperor
17 Big-Eye Shad
18 Sea Breams
19 Grouper
20 Flounders
21 Mackerels
22 Grunts
23 Indian Flathead
24 Trends of Iraqi Artisanal Marine Fisheries (1965-2016)
25 Management Policy of River Shad Stock
References
Fish Consumption Behavior in the Coastal City of Basrah on the Arabian Gulf, South of Iraq
1 Introduction
2 Data Obtained and Processed
3 Data Analysis
4 Remarks
References
Part VII: Fishing Boats
Boats and Ships of the Arabian Gulf and the Sea of Oman Within an Archaeological, Historical and Ethnographic Context
1 Introduction
2 Terminology
3 Neolithic and Bronze Age Watercraft
3.1 River Craft
3.2 Seagoing Vessels
3.3 Trading Vessels
3.3.1 Reed Vessels
3.3.2 Wooden Vessels
3.4 Shape of the Boats
3.5 Size of the Boats
4 The Islamic Period
4.1 Sewn-Plank Construction
4.1.1 Steering System
4.1.2 Sail
4.1.3 Construction Methods
5 Historical and Traditional Vessels
5.1 Shāsha (pl shāshāt or shush)
5.2 Hurī (pl hawārī)
5.3 Kambārī (pl kambāriyyāt)
5.4 Badan (pl badana or bdāna)
5.5 Baghla (pl bghāla)
5.6 Ghanja (pl ghanjāt)
5.7 Abubuz
5.8 Bum (pl abwām)
5.9 Sambuk, sambuq, sanbuq (pl sanābīq)
5.10 Shu´ī
5.11 Baqqāra (pl baqāqīr)
5.12 Battīl (pl batātil)
5.13 Zaruka (pl zarāwīk)
6 Conclusion
References
Small Watercrafts on the Western Indian Ocean: Interaction of Human and the Sea in the Pre-oil Era
1 Introduction
2 Planked Boats: Common Features
3 Borders and Influences
4 Interaction
5 Regions
5.1 Kuwait
5.2 Bahrain
5.3 Qatar
5.4 Iran
5.5 Trucial Oman
5.6 Oman
5.7 Yemen
5.8 Red Sea
5.9 Eritrea
5.10 Djibouti
5.11 Somalia
5.12 Kenya and Tanzania
6 Summary
References
Part VIII: Coral Reefs
Coral Reef Management in the Arabian Seas
1 Introduction: Biogeography of the Arabian Seas Region
2 Role of the Natural Environment in Shaping Coral Reef Communities
2.1 Temperature
2.2 Bleaching
2.3 Thermal Tolerance
2.4 Salinity
2.5 Coral Diseases
2.6 Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)
3 Human Impacts on Coral Reefs in the Arabian Seas
3.1 Coastal Development
3.2 Hydrocarbon and Wastewater Pollution
3.3 Desalination
3.4 Reef Fisheries
3.5 Tourism
4 Management Options for Coral Reefs in the Arabian Seas
4.1 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
4.2 Reef Fisheries Management
4.3 Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Coral Reef Management
5 Conclusions
References
Underwater Fish Survey in the Marine Waters of Iraq: An Imported Training Program
1 Introduction
2 The Need for Training and Re-training Programs
3 The Suggested Training Program
3.1 Testing of Participants
3.2 Short Communication to Report All Survey Results
3.3 Detailed Description of Learning Modules
References
Part IX: The Sea and Human Health
Harmful Algal and Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms in the Arabian Seas: Current Status, Implications, and Future Directions
1 Background and Current Understanding
1.1 HABs and CyanoHABs: Organismal and Toxin Diversity
1.2 Historical Occurrence
1.3 Salinity
1.4 Seasonality
2 Factors that Exacerbate the Incidence and Proliferation of HABs and CyanoHABs
2.1 Development
2.2 Industry
2.3 Transportation of Goods
2.4 Production of Aquatic Food
2.5 Production of Drinking Water Supplies
3 Harmful Consequences of Blooms
4 Current Policy in HAB and CyanoHAB Management and Recommendations for Future Directions
References
Catfish-Related Injury and Infection: Report on Cases from the Marine Waters of Iraq
1 Introduction
2 Species of Catfish Living in the Marine Waters of Iraq
3 Cases of Catfish-Related Injury and Infection
3.1 Case No. 1: A Delay in Reporting and Diagnosing Injury Caused by Catfish
3.1.1 Remarks
3.2 Case No. 2: Injury of Noodler by Catfish Sting
3.2.1 Remarks
3.3 Case No. 3: Catfish Fatal Bite
3.3.1 Remarks
3.4 Case No. 4: Deep Soft-Tissue Necrosis of the Hand and Arm due to Catfish Venom Injection
3.4.1 Remarks
4 Recommendations
References
Do Not Turn Your Back to a Dangerous Animal: A Case of a Fatal Selfie with Poisonous Ray in the South of Iraq
1 Introduction
2 Case Report
3 Remarks
4 Recommendations
References
Human Remains Recovered from a Shark Collected in the Marine Waters of Iraq: A Case Report
1 Introduction
2 The Tiger Shark Galeocerdo cuvier (Péron and Lesueur 1822)
3 Case Report
4 Remarks
References
Multiple Puffer Fish (Tetrodotoxin) Poisoning, with Fatal Incidences After Ingestion of Pufferfish in Sana´a, Republic of Yemen
1 Introduction
2 Puffer Fish Species Involved in Poisoning Incidences
2.1 Stellate Puffer, Arothron stellatus (Anonymous, 1798)
2.2 White-Spotted Puffer, Arothron hispidus (Linnaeus, 1758)
2.3 Birdbeak Burrfish, Cyclichthys orbicularis (Bloch, 1785)
2.4 Longspined Porcupinefish, Diodon holocanthus (Linnaeus, 1758)
3 The Availability of Data
4 Cases Report
5 Remarks
References
Marine Fish Attacks in the Arabian Sea Coasts of Republic of Yemen
1 Introduction
2 Cases of Attacks by Dangerous Fishes
2.1 Eel Attack
2.1.1 Remarks
2.2 Swordfish Bill Injury
2.2.1 Remarks
2.3 Sting of the Scorpionfish
2.3.1 Remarks
References
Part X: Environmental Challenges
Coastal Environmental Challenges in Kuwait
1 Introduction
2 Challenges and Conflicts
2.1 Challenges
2.2 Conflicts
3 The Foremost Deterrents
3.1 Coastal Protection Setbacks
3.2 Evolutionary Changes
3.3 Discrepancies in Coastal Safeguarding Strategies and Policies
4 Commended Actions
4.1 Developing Kuwait Coastal Index Map (KCIM)
4.2 Considering UN: Principles of the Declaration on Environment and Development
4.3 Urge Greater Role of Kuwait Government´´ andPolicy-Makers´´
4.4 Considering an Environmentally Favored Alternative
4.5 Multi-sectoral Approaches Toward Integrated Coastal Management (ICM)
4.6 Participation of Stakeholders for Policy-Making
4.7 Zoning of Coastal Areas
4.8 Considering Socioeconomic Issues
4.9 Design Guidelines for Defending the Coastal Edges
4.10 Consideration of Setback Distance
4.11 Evade Visual Intrusion
4.12 Shoreline Management Plan (SMP)
4.13 Apply Smart Growth Principles and Approaches
4.14 Beach Management Practice
4.15 Crucial Policy Goals
4.16 Utilizing the Mandate That KEPA Holds to Protect and Conserve the Coastal Ecosystem
4.17 Considering Future Sea Level Rise
References
Lipid Tracers in Coastal Sediments of the Northwestern Arabian/Persian Gulf: Characteristics, Sources, Distribution, and Possi...
1 Introduction
2 Material and Method
2.1 Study Areas
2.2 Sample Collection
2.3 Sample Extraction
2.4 Instrumental Analysis
2.5 Identification and Quantification
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 n-Alkanes
3.2 Fatty Acids and Alcohols
3.3 Hopane and Sterane Biomarkers
3.4 Unresolved Complex Mixture
4 Major Lipid Tracer Sources
5 Ecological Impacts
6 Conclusion
References
Hydrocarbons Pollution in the North-West Arabian Gulf
1 Introduction
2 Types of Marine Pollution
2.1 Physical Pollution
2.2 Biological Pollution
2.3 Chemical Pollution
2.4 Chemical Pollution in the Arabian Gulf
3 Accidental Oil Spill
4 Methodology
5 Oil Pollution in the North West Arabian Gulf
6 Characterizations of the Northern West Arabian Gulf
7 Conclusion
References
Characterization and Possible Cause of the Fish Anomalies So Far Reported in the Vicinity of Jubail City, Saudi Arabia, Arabia...
1 Introduction
2 Jubail City and Its Environment
2.1 Pollution with Heavy Metals
2.2 Effects of Urbanization
3 Characterization of Anomalies So Far Reported for Fish Collected from the Vicinity of Jubail City
3.1 Groups and Types of Abnormalities
3.1.1 Group No. 1. Skin Colouration Anomalies
Type 1. Malpigmentation, Fig. 1
Type 2. Albinism, Fig. 2
Type 3. Partial Melanic Pigmentation, Fig. 3
Type 4. Hypermelanic, Fig. 4
Type 5. Xanthic Phenotype, Fig. 5
3.1.2 Group 2. Vertebral Column Anomalies
Type 1. Scoliosis (Lateral Curvature of the Vertebral Column), Fig. 7
Type 2. Lordosis (Ventral Curvature of the Vertebral Column), Fig. 8
Type 3. Kyphosis (Dorsal Curvature of the Vertebral Column), Fig. 9
Type 4. Kyphosis-Lordosis (K-L case), Fig. 10
Type 5. Ankylosis (Fusion of Vertebrae), Fig. 11
Type 6. Saddleback Syndrome, Fig. 12
Type 7. Hyperostosis, Fig. 13
3.1.3 Group 3. Pugheadness Deformity, Fig. 14
3.1.4 Group 4. Operculum Deformity, Fig. 15
3.1.5 Groups 5. Fins
Type 1. Dorsal Fin Anomaly, Fig. 16
Type 2. Anal Fin Ray Deformities, Fig. 17
Type 3. Caudal Fin Deformity, Fig. 18
4 Remarks and Conclusions
References
The Feasibility of Using Fish Bioindicators to Check Enhancements in Habitat Quality: Case Study of Two Teleosts Collected fro...
1 Introduction
2 Synopsis of the Selected Fish Species for the Test
2.1 King Soldier Bream Argyrops spinifer (Forsskål, 1775)
2.2 Japanese Threadfin Bream Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch, 1791)
3 Materials and Data Obtained
4 Results of Data Processing and Remarks
5 Conclusions
References
Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Seawater Desalination on the Hypersalinity of Arabian/Persian Gulf
1 Introduction
2 Mathematical Model for Salinity in the Gulf
3 The Gulf as a Semi-enclosed Sea of Simple Geometry
4 Predicted Future Outlook for the Gulf
5 Conclusions
References
Secondary Microplastic Ingestion by Planktivorous Fishes in the Sea of Oman
1 Introduction
2 Fish Species Investigated in the Study
2.1 Chacunda Gizzard Shad Anodontostoma chacunda (Hamilton, 1822)
2.2 Bloch´s Gizzard Shad Nematalosa nasus (Bloch, 1795)
2.3 Indian Oil Sardine Sardinella longiceps (Valenciennes, 1847)
3 Materials Obtained
4 Data Analysis
5 Remarks
References
First Report of Plastic Fragments in the Lanternfishes Collected from the Sea of Oman
1 Introduction
2 The Lanternfish Species Studied
2.1 Spinycheek Lanternfish Benthosema fibulatum (Gilbert and Cramer 1897)
2.2 Skinnycheek Lanternfish Benthosema pterotum (Alcock 1890)
3 Materials Obtained and Processed
4 Data Analysis
5 Remarks
References
Topically Acquired Bacterial Infections from Aquaculture: A Synopsis with Relevance to the Arabian Peninsula
1 Introduction
2 Family Aeromonadaceae
3 Aeromonas hydrophila
4 Family Burkholderiaceae
5 Burkholderia pseudomallei (Pseudomonas pseudomallei)
6 Family Chromobacteriaceae
7 Chromobacterium violaceum
8 Family Enterobacteriaceae
9 Edwardsiella tarda
10 Family Erysipelotrichaceae
11 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
12 Family Listeriaceae
13 Listeria monocytogenes
14 Family Mycobacteriaceae
15 Mycobacterium marinum
16 Family Streptococcaceae
17 Streptococcus iniae
18 Family Shewanellaceae
19 Shewanella haliotis
20 Family Vibrionaceae
21 Photobacterium damselae (Vibrio damselae; V. damsela; Pasteurella damselae; Listonella damsela)
22 Vibrio vulnificus
23 Vibrio parahaemolyticus
24 Family Xanthomonadaceae
25 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
26 Conclusion
References
Part XI: Biological Invasion
Potential Pitfalls in the Definition of Lessepsian Migrants: The Case of Brachidontes
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Study Species
2.2 Sampling and Analyses
3 Results
4 Discussion
References
A Proposal for a Plan of Assessment of Danger of Alien Species to Marine Biota Variety in the Eastern and Southern Coasts of t...
1 Introduction
2 Methods for Conveying Marine Trespassers
3 An Outline of Impacts of Invasive Species
4 What Is the Threats Assessment?
5 The Plan of Assessment of Threat of Invasive Species to Marine Biodiversity
5.1 Scope of Proposed Plan
5.2 Scope and Rationale for Stage 1 and 2 Studies
5.2.1 Stage 1
5.2.2 Stage 2
References
Part XII: Islands
Idmi and Other Mammalian Wildlife in the Farasan Islands Protected Area
1 The Farasan Islands
2 Marine and Terrestrial Mammals in the Farasan Islands Protected Area (PA)
2.1 Bats (Chiroptera)
2.2 Rodents (Rodentia)
2.3 Carnivores (Carnivora)
2.4 Marine Mammals
3 Arabian Gazelles
3.1 Phylogeny and Taxonomy
3.2 Causes of Dwarfism
3.3 Habitat and Resources
3.4 Population Structure and Social Organization
3.5 Conservation and Population Development
3.6 Domestic Mammals and Zoonotic Diseases
4 Other Island Gazelles in Arabian Waters
4.1 Dahlak gazelle, Nanger soemmerringii ssp.
4.2 Hanish gazelle, Gazella arabica hanishi
4.3 Hengam and Hormuz gazelles, Gazella bennettii fuscifrons
4.4 Kharg and Kish gazelles, Gazella subgutturosa
4.5 Farur gazelle, Gazella gazella dareshourii
References
Part XIII: Conservation
It Is About Time to Use Magnetic Resonance in Fish Studies and Aquatic Ecological Risk Assessment in Iraq
1 Introduction
2 Benefits of Performing MRI Techniques in Biology and Ecology
2.1 Using In Vivo MRI on Teleost Fish
2.2 Archiving the Natural History Collections and Other Collections of Aquatic Fauna
2.3 Usage in the Technologies of Seafood Science
3 The Possible Aspects of Using MRI Technique in Iraq
3.1 Achieving the Natural History Specimens
3.2 Fish Physiological Studies
3.3 Future Fish Processing Applications
4 The Future Application of MRI That Needs to Be Considered in Iraq
References
Marine Protected Areas in the Countries Bordering the Arabian Peninsula: Reserve the Existing and Establish Further
1 Introduction
2 The Existing Marine Protected Areas in the Countries Bordering the Arabian Peninsula: A Short Review
3 Lessons to Be Learned
3.1 The Experience of Myanmar
3.2 The Experience of Sri Lanka
3.3 The Experience of Indonesia
3.4 The Experience of South Africa
4 Conclusions
References