Cover
......Page 1
Copyright Info
......Page 3
The National Academies
......Page 4
Committee on Future Directions for Cognitive Research on Aging
......Page 6
Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences
......Page 7
TOC
......Page 8
Preface
......Page 10
Executive Summary
......Page 16
1 - Understanding the Aging Mind
......Page 22
A Conceptual Framework
......Page 24
Identifying Research Opportunities
......Page 26
About This Book
......Page 27
2 - Neural Health
......Page 29
Recent Scientific Developments
......Page 30
Research Initiative On Neural Health
......Page 32
Implementation Issues
......Page 35
3 - Cognition in Context
......Page 37
Neurobiology of Life Experience
......Page 38
Adaptivity of Cognitive Functioning
......Page 39
Cognitive Effects of Life Experiences
......Page 41
Technological Support for the Performance of Cognitive Tasks
......Page 45
Research Initiative on Cognition in Context
......Page 46
4 - Structure of the Aging Mind
......Page 53
Variations in the Life Histories of Cognitive Functions
......Page 54
Behavioral and Cultural Factors
......Page 55
Connections Between Cognitive and Sensory-Motor Changes
......Page 56
Cognitive Effects of Changes in Health Status
......Page 58
Improved Measurement of Neural and Cognitive Phenomena
......Page 60
Advances in Theory Development
......Page 62
Underutilized Analytical Techniques
......Page 63
Research Initiative on the Structure of the Aging Mind
......Page 66
Organization of Research Support
......Page 70
Promoting Interdisciplinary Research
......Page 71
Research Infrastructure
......Page 72
Building General-Use Databases
......Page 73
A Common Database for Human Brain Imaging Data Linked to Behavioral Characteristics
......Page 77
Collaboration Across Institutes
......Page 78
References
......Page 80
Appendixes
......Page 97
The Link Between Neurochemistry and Neuroanatomy
......Page 98
The Brain Region
......Page 100
Cell Classes and Circuits
......Page 101
Neuronal Compartments
......Page 102
The Synapse
......Page 103
Differentiating Alzheimer's Disease From Senescence: The Critical Role of the Entorhinal Cortex and its Projection to Dentate Gyrus
......Page 104
Introduction and Technica Considerations
......Page 107
NMDA Receptors, Hippocampal Circuits, and Aging
......Page 109
Interdisciplinary Approaches
......Page 112
Transplantation Strategies
......Page 115
The Promise of Stem Cells
......Page 117
Neurogenesis in the Adult Hippocampus
......Page 118
Concluding Remarks
......Page 120
References
......Page 121
Introduction
......Page 129
Brain Aging, A Multiphase Process: Initiation and Propagation Phases
......Page 130
The Initiation Phase and Early Events in a Pathological Cascade
......Page 132
Signal Transduction Pathways May Be Compromised
Much Sooner Than Degeneration Develops
......Page 133
Interventions During the Initiation Stage
......Page 136
Propagation Phase: Many Inducers of Apoptosis Accumulte in the Aging Brain
......Page 137
Inflammatory Mechanisms May Convert a Precarious State Into Net Degeneration
......Page 139
Oxidative Stress is a Major Risk Factor for Brain Aging
......Page 140
Antioxidants Are Effective Interventions
......Page 143
Apoptosis Checkpoint Cascade in the Alzheimer's-Affected Brain: The Search For Homeostasis
......Page 145
Changes in Cytokines and Their Receptors in Lymphocytes Occur in Aging and, Surprisingly, Many of The Molecular Profiles in the Aging Brain are Similar to These and to the Immune System
......Page 146
Strategies and Solutions for the Future
......Page 149
References
......Page 150
Importance of Judgment and Decision Making for Older Adults
......Page 159
Research on Judgment and Decision Making
......Page 161
Age and Heuristic Processing
......Page 162
Age-Related Increases in Heuristic Processing
......Page 163
The Representativeness Heuristic
......Page 164
The Availability Heuristic
......Page 165
Affect and Decision Making Among Older Adults
......Page 166
Research Directions in Affect
......Page 167
Wisdom and Choice
......Page 168
Affect and Time
......Page 169
Conflicts Between Emotional and Analytical Modes of Thought
......Page 170
Aging, Decision-Making Competence, and Preference Consistency
......Page 171
Research Directions in Decision-Making Competence
......Page 172
Conclusion
......Page 175
References
......Page 176
Introduction
......Page 181
Sensing, Integrating and Planning
......Page 182
Walking
......Page 183
Spatial Location
......Page 184
Displays
......Page 185
Head-Mounted Displays
......Page 186
Three Dimensional Sound
......Page 187
Digitized and Synthesized Voice
......Page 188
Personalized Interfaces
......Page 189
Interactive Interfaces
......Page 190
Sensors
......Page 192
Displays
......Page 193
Interdisciplinary Research
......Page 194
Summary and Implications
......Page 195
Acknowledgments
......Page 196
References
......Page 197
E - Health Effects on Cognitive Aging
......Page 204
Lifestyle
......Page 205
Endocrine and Genetic Factors
......Page 206
Medical and Surgical Treatments
......Page 207
Cardiovascular Disease and Cognition
......Page 208
Hypertension and Cognitive Function
......Page 209
Other Moderators
......Page 211
Methodological Issues
......Page 212
Clinical Significance
......Page 213
Underlying Mechanisms
......Page 214
Summary, Clinical Significance, and Future Directions
......Page 215
Other Cardiovascular Diseases and Cognition
......Page 216
Treatments for Cardiovascular Disease and Cogntion
......Page 217
Future Directions for Research on Health and Cognition
......Page 218
Commonly Assessed Domains of Cognitive Functioning
and Representative Tests
......Page 220
References
......Page 222
F - Cultural Variations in Cognition: Implications for Aging Research
......Page 233
Cultural Psychology
......Page 234
Culturally Divergent Ideas About Aging
......Page 236
Culture and Basic Cognitive Processes
......Page 239
Memory of Contextual Information
......Page 240
High- Versus Low-Context Forms of Communication
......Page 241
The Role of Verbal Versus Vocal Information in Speech Comprehension
......Page 242
Social Explanation
......Page 243
Correspondence Bias
......Page 244
Implications for Aging Research
......Page 246
Concluding Remarks
......Page 248
References
......Page 249
What is Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging?
......Page 253
Limitations of fMRI for Studies of the Human Brain
......Page 254
General Benefits for Neuroscience
......Page 256
Linking Human Neuropsychology to Fine-Grained
Measures of Neuronal Function
......Page 257
Do fMRI Signals Change as a Function of Age?
......Page 258
Use of fMRI Signals to Guide and Evaluate
Manipulation/Intervention Studies
......Page 259
What Are the Challenges and How Can They be Approached?
......Page 260
Spatial Precision of the fMRI Response
......Page 261
What Are the Limitations of fMRI for Use in Nonhuman Primates?
......Page 262
Specific Benefits for Research on the Aging Brain
......Page 263
References
......Page 264
Committee and Staff Members
......Page 266
Other Contributors
......Page 271
Index
......Page 274