Textbook of Epidemiology, 2e

✍ Scribed by Lex Bouter, Maurice Zeegers, Tianjing Li

• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 254
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
About the Companion Website
Chapter 1 Epidemiology
1.1 What is epidemiology?
1.1.1 Definition
1.1.2 Health outcomes
1.1.3 Frequency measures
1.1.4 Explanatory factors
1.1.5 Epidemiological function
1.1.6 The empirical cycle
1.2 Developments in epidemiology
1.2.1 Historical examples
1.2.2 Epidemiology today
1.3 Developments in the discipline itself
Recommended reading
Knowledge assessment questions
Chapter 2 Frequency
2.1 Definition of health outcomes
2.2 Definition of disease
2.3 Disease frequency: existing or new cases of disease
2.4 Populations
2.4.1 Closed and open populations
2.4.2 Cohort
2.5 The concept of time
2.6 Measures of outcome frequency
2.6.1 Prevalence: existing cases
2.6.2 Incidence: new cases
2.6.3 Mortality: a special type of incidence
2.7 Continuous measures of health outcomes
Recommended reading
Knowledge assessment questions
Chapter 3 Association
3.1 The epidemiological function describes the association between health outcomes and explanatory factors
3.2 Measures of association for dichotomous outcomes
3.2.1 Attributable risk
3.2.2 Relative risk
3.2.3 Hazard rate ratio
3.2.4 Odds ratio
3.2.5 Etiological Fraction
3.2.6 Population attributable risk
3.2.7 Potential impact fraction
3.3 Measures of association for continuous outcomes
3.3.1 Difference of means
3.3.2 Correlation and regression
3.4 Regression analysis
Recommended reading
Knowledge assessment questions
Chapter 4 Study Design
4.1 Introduction: the research question determines the design
4.1.1 Elements of a research question
4.1.2 The research question can be expressed using the epidemiological function
4.1.3 Selection of the study population
4.1.4 Classifications of study designs
4.2 Randomized experiment as the paradigm for establishing a causal relationship
4.2.1 Randomized experiment
4.3 Observational study designs
4.3.1 Cohort study
4.3.2 Case–control study
4.3.3 Cross-sectional study
4.3.4 Ecological study
Recommended reading
Knowledge assessment questions
Chapter 5 Precision and Validity
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Systematic and random errors
5.3 Precision
5.3.1 Random error
5.3.2 The confidence interval
5.3.3 Precision versus sample size
5.4 Validity
5.4.1 Selection bias, information bias and confounding
5.4.2 Bias and study design
5.5 Effect modification
Case 5.6Asbestos, Lung Cancer, and Smoking (Hypothetical Example)
5.6 External validity
5.6.1 Study sample
5.6.2 Extrapolation
5.6.3 Selection
5.7 Validity, reliability, and responsiveness of instruments
5.7.1 From concept to instrument
5.7.2 Reliability of an instrument
5.7.3 Validity of an instrument
Recommended reading
Knowledge assessment questions
Notes
Chapter 6 Etiology and Causality
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Etiologic, prognostic and predictive factors
6.1.2 Causal diagrams
6.2 Causality
6.2.1 Definition
6.2.2 Sufficient and necessary causes
6.2.3 Causal interpretation
6.2.4 Hill criteria
Experimentation
Coherence
Plausibility
Temporality
Strength
Biological gradient
Consistency
6.2.5 Individual versus population level
6.3 Applications
6.3.1 Forensic epidemiology
6.3.2 Prevention
Recommended reading
Knowledge assessment questions
Notes
Chapter 7 Genetic Epidemiology
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Terminology
7.1.2 Research questions
7.2 Family-based studies
Case 7.1
Case 7.2
7.2.1 Linkage analysis
7.3 Association studies
7.3.1 Case-control design
7.3.2 Linkage disequilibrium
7.3.3 Linkage equilibrium
7.3.4 Genome-wide association studies
7.3.5 Population stratification
7.3.6 Collaboration
7.4 Precision medicine
7.5 Mendelian randomization
7.6 Reporting guidelines
Recommended reading
Knowledge assessment questions
Chapter 8 Outbreak Epidemiology
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Terms in infectious disease epidemiology
8.2 Surveillance for early warning
Case 8.1
8.2.1 Rapid warning without false alarms
8.3 Study designs for research into outbreaks
8.3.1 The epidemic curve: learning from the time dimension
8.3.2 Cohort studies
8.3.3 Attack rates
8.3.4 Case–control studies
8.3.5 Risks to individuals and populations
8.4 Stepwise approach to outbreak investigation
Case 8.3
8.5 Interpreting data on supposed outbreaks remains difficult
Case Study 8.4
8.6 Other approaches to studying outbreaks and clusters
8.6.1 Surveillance using non-medical data
8.6.2 Simulation models if reality is too complex
8.6.3 The basic reproduction number
References
Recommended reading
Knowledge assessment questions
Chapter 9 Diagnostic and Prognostic Research
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Diagnostic and prognostic information
9.1.2 Diagnostic research phases
9.1.3 Predicting Prevalence
9.2 Validity and reproducibility of diagnostic tests
9.2.1 Sources of diagnostic variability
9.2.2 Reproducibility of diagnostic tests
9.2.3 Validity of diagnostic tests
9.3 Measures of validity of diagnostic tests
9.3.1 Sensitivity and specificity
9.3.2 Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve
9.3.3 Likelihood ratio
9.3.4 Predictive value
9.3.5 Bayes’ theorem
9.3.6 Diagnostic odds ratio
9.3.7 Multiple tests
9.4 Measures of reproducibility of diagnostic tests
9.4.1 Agreement rate
9.4.2 Cohen’s kappa
9.4.3 Correlation coefficient
9.5 Guidelines for diagnostic research
9.6 Prognostic research
9.6.1 Prognostic research phases
9.6.2 Prognostic research design
9.6.3 The prognostic model
9.6.4 Overfitting
9.7 Guidelines for prognostic research
9.8 An example
Recommended reading
Knowledge assessment questions
Chapter 10 Intervention
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The research question
10.2.1 The observed effect
10.2.2 Comparing interventions: efficacy or effectiveness?
10.2.3 Randomization to create comparability at baseline
10.2.4 Blinding to maintain comparability right to the end
10.2.5 Crossover design
10.2.6 Factorial design
10.2.7 Cluster randomized design
10.2.8 N-of-1 experiment
10.3 Data from RCTs are analyzed to produce a valid estimate of effect
10.3.1 Successful randomization
10.3.2 Types of analysis
10.3.3 Sequential analyses
10.4 Assessing harms of interventions
10.4.1 Adverse events come in many shapes and sizes
Recommended reading
Knowledge assessment questions
Chapter 11 Systematic Reviewand Meta-Analysis
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Steps in completing a systematic review
11.2.1 Frame the research question and decide on the eligibility criteria
11.2.2 Search for and select studies
11.2.3 Extract data and assess risk of bias
11.2.4 Analyze and synthesize data
11.2.5 Interpret the findings and write the report
11.3 Where can systematic reviews be found?
11.4 Other review types
11.5 Using a systematic review
Recommended reading
Knowledge assessment questions
Answers to knowledge assessment questions
Index
EULA